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However, research has observed that this allele does not result in ethnic differences in scent. A 2016 study analyzed differences across ethnicities in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), across racial groups and found that they largely did not differ significantly qualitatively nor quantitatively after Bonferroni correction. Of the few observed differences, they were found to be unrelated to ABCC11 genotype.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prokop-Prigge |first1=Katharine A. |last2=Greene |first2=Kathryn |last3=Varallo |first3=Lauren |last4=Wysocki |first4=Charles J. |last5=Preti |first5=George |title=The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=January 2016 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.1007/s10886-015-0657-8 |pmid=26634572 |pmc=4724538 }}</ref>
Indeed, it has been noted that there is currently no evidence that sweat secretion glands nor sweat production varies across ethnicities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Susan C. |title=Skin of color: Biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |date=February 2002 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=S41–S62 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.120790 |pmid=11807469 }}</ref> Indeed, one large study failed to find any significant differences across ethnicity in residual compounds on the skin, including those located in sweat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shetage |first1=Satyajit S |last2=Traynor |first2=Matthew J |last3=Brown |first3=Marc B |last4=Raji |first4=Mahad |last5=Graham-Kalio |first5=Diepiriye |last6=Chilcott |first6=Robert P |title=Effect of ethnicity, gender and age on the amount and composition of residual skin surface components derived from sebum, sweat and epidermal lipids |journal=Skin Research and Technology |date=2014 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1111/srt.12091 |pmid=23865719 |pmc=4285158 }}</ref> Indeed, if there were observed ethnic variants in skin odor, one would find sources to be much more likely in diet, hygiene, microbiome, and other environmental factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tullett |first1=William |title=Grease and Sweat: Race and Smell in Eighteenth-Century English Culture |journal=Cultural and Social History |date=2 July 2016 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=307–322 |doi=10.1080/14780038.2016.1202008 |s2cid=147837009 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prokop-Prigge |first1=Katharine A. |last2=Greene |first2=Kathryn |last3=Varallo |first3=Lauren |last4=Wysocki |first4=Charles J. |last5=Preti |first5=George |title=The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=January 2016 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.1007/s10886-015-0657-8 |pmid=26634572 |pmc=4724538 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Min |last2=Budding |first2=Andries E. |last3=van der Lugt‐Degen |first3=Malieka |last4=Du‐Thumm |first4=Laurence |last5=Vandeven |first5=Mark |last6=Fan |first6=Aixing |title=The influence of age, gender and race/ethnicity on the composition of the human axillary microbiome |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |date=13 June 2019 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=371–377 |doi=10.1111/ics.12549 |pmid=31190339 }}</ref>
Research has indicated a strong association between people with axillary osmidrosis and the ABCC11-genotypes GG or GA at the SNP site (rs17822931) in comparison to the genotype AA.<ref name=nakmotstrasso/>
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