寒
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Translingual
editHan character
edit寒 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 289, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
- Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
- Unihan data for U+5BD2
Chinese
editsimp. and trad. |
寒 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𡫾 𡫜 𡫮 |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 寒 | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.
Contrast 宿.
Etymology
editUnknown (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hon4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòn
- Jin (Wiktionary): han1
- Eastern Min (BUC): hàng / gàng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghoe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hán
- Wade–Giles: han2
- Yale: hán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
- Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хан (han, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hon4
- Yale: hòhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: hon4
- Guangdong Romanization: hon4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn
- Hakka Romanization System: honˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hon2
- Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: han1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng / gàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵³/, /kaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
- gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
- Southern Min
- hân - literary;
- kôaⁿ - vernacular;
- gân - vernacular (俗).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hang5 / guan5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng / kuâⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵⁵/, /kũã⁵⁵/
- hang5 - literary;
- guan5 - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: han
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːn/
Definitions
edit寒
- cold; wintry; chilly
- poor; poverty-stricken
- humble; petty and low
- desolate; deserted
- dreary; miserable
- withered; limp
- (humble) my
- 寒舍 ― hánshè ― (one's own) humble home
- to feel cold
- to fear; to dread
- winter
- cold weather; cold day or night
- (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
- (~日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month
Synonyms
edit- (cold): 冷 (lěng)
Compounds
edit- 一寒如此
- 一暴十寒 (yīpùshíhán)
- 一曝十寒 (yīpù-shíhán)
- 不寒而慄/不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
- 不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
- 中寒
- 乍寒乍熱/乍寒乍热
- 乍暖還寒/乍暖还寒 (zhànuǎnhuánhán)
- 令人心寒
- 偷寒送暖
- 傷寒/伤寒 (shānghán)
- 傷寒論/伤寒论
- 內寒/内寒
- 再寒暑
- 冱寒
- 凍寒/冻寒
- 凝寒
- 別後寒溫/别后寒温
- 北寒帶/北寒带 (Běihándài)
- 十年寒窗
- 十載寒窗/十载寒窗
- 受寒 (shòuhán)
- 問寒問暖/问寒问暖 (wènhánwènnuǎn)
- 單寒/单寒
- 啼飢號寒/啼饥号寒 (tíjīháohán)
- 噓寒問暖/嘘寒问暖 (xūhánwènnuǎn)
- 噤若寒蟬/噤若寒蝉 (jìnruòhánchán)
- 嚴寒/严寒 (yánhán)
- 大寒 (Dàhán)
- 天寒
- 天寒地凍/天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
- 嫩寒
- 嬌寒/娇寒
- 孤寒 (gūhán)
- 家寒
- 家道���寒/家道贫寒
- 寒不擇衣/寒不择衣
- 寒乞
- 寒事
- 寒人
- 寒來暑往/寒来暑往
- 寒俊
- 寒假 (hánjià)
- 寒傖/寒伧 (hánchen)
- 寒傖相/寒伧相
- 寒光
- 寒具
- 寒冬 (hándōng)
- 寒冬臘月/寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
- 寒冷 (hánlěng)
- 寒厥
- 寒噤 (hánjìn)
- 寒地訓練/寒地训练
- 寒垣
- 寒塵/寒尘
- 寒士 (hánshì)
- 寒天 (hántiān)
- 寒女
- 寒官
- 寒害
- 寒家
- 寒山 (hánshān)
- 寒山子
- 寒山寺
- 寒峭
- 寒帶/寒带 (hándài)
- 寒帶氣候/寒带气候
- 寒微 (hánwēi)
- 寒微簡陋/寒微简陋
- 寒心 (hánxīn)
- 寒心酸鼻
- 寒怯
- 寒意 (hányì)
- 寒慄/寒栗
- 寒慘慘/寒惨惨
- 寒戰/寒战 (hánzhàn)
- 寒抖抖
- 寒星
- 寒暑 (hánshǔ)
- 寒暑推移
- 寒暑表 (hánshǔbiǎo)
- 寒暄 (hánxuān)
- 寒暄書/寒暄书
- 寒暖色
- 寒木春華/寒木春华
- 寒林 (hánlín)
- 寒梅 (hánméi)
- 寒森森
- 寒武系
- 寒武紀/寒武纪 (Hánwǔ Jì)
- 寒毛 (hánmáo)
- 寒毛直豎/寒毛直竖
- 寒氈一席/寒毡一席
- 寒氣/寒气 (hánqì)
- 寒氣襲人/寒气袭人
- 寒氣逼人/寒气逼人
- 寒沍
- 寒泉之思
- 寒流 (hánliú)
- 寒浞
- 寒涼/寒凉 (hánliáng)
- 寒溫/寒温
- 寒溫序/寒温序
- 寒潮 (háncháo)
- 寒灰
- 寒熱/寒热 (hánrè)
- 寒燠
- 寒玉
- 寒璧
- 寒瓜
- 寒畯
- 寒症
- 寒痹
- 寒瘧/寒疟
- 寒盟
- 寒相
- 寒砧
- 寒磣/寒碜 (hánchen)
- 寒禁
- 寒秋
- 寒窗 (hánchuāng)
- 寒第
- 寒粟子
- 寒素
- 寒羞
- 寒耕暑耘
- 寒耕熱耘/寒耕热耘
- 寒肅/寒肃
- 寒腿 (hántuǐ)
- 寒舍 (hánshè)
- 寒色 (hánsè)
- 寒花晚節/寒花晚节
- 寒苦
- 寒荊/寒荆
- 寒著 (hòn-tó)
- 寒薄
- 寒號蟲/寒号虫 (hánháochóng)
- 寒蛩
- 寒蜩
- 寒螿/寒螀
- 寒蟬/寒蝉 (hánchán)
- 寒蟬仗馬/寒蝉仗马
- 寒蠢
- 寒衣
- 寒衣節/寒衣节
- 寒訓/寒训
- 寒證/寒证
- 寒賤/寒贱
- 寒酸 (hánsuān)
- 寒酸措大
- 寒門/寒门 (hánmén)
- 寒門飲恨/寒门饮恨
- 寒霜
- 寒露 (Hánlù)
- 寒顫/寒颤 (hánzhàn)
- 寒風/寒风 (hánfēng)
- 寒風刺骨/寒风刺骨
- 寒風砭骨/寒风砭骨
- 寒飆/寒飙
- 寒食 (hánshí)
- 寒食節/寒食节 (Hánshíjié)
- 寒鴉/寒鸦 (hányā)
- 小寒 (Xiǎohán)
- 小寒食
- 屍骨早寒/尸骨早寒
- 屍骨未寒/尸骨未寒 (shīgǔwèihán)
- 島瘦郊寒/岛瘦郊寒
- 廣寒/广寒 (guǎnghán)
- 廣寒仙子/广寒仙子
- 廣寒宮/广寒宫 (Guǎnghángōng)
- 心如寒灰
- 心寒 (xīnhán)
- 心寒膽戰/心寒胆战
- 心寒膽碎/心寒胆碎
- 心寒膽落/心寒胆落
- 心膽俱寒/心胆俱寒
- 心驚膽寒/心惊胆寒
- 惡寒/恶寒
- 打寒
- 打寒噤
- 打寒戰/打寒战 (dǎhánzhàn)
- 斑疹傷寒/斑疹伤寒 (bānzhěn shānghán)
- 易水寒
- 春寒料峭
- 暑來寒往/暑来寒往
- 暑往寒來/暑往寒来
- 暖寒會/暖寒会
- 枕冷衾寒
- 歇寒 (hioh-kôaⁿ) (Min Nan)
- 歲寒/岁寒 (suìhán)
- 歲寒三友/岁寒三友 (suìhánsānyǒu)
- 歲寒不凋/岁寒不凋
- 歲寒松柏/岁寒松柏
- 沁寒
- 消寒圖/消寒图
- 消寒會/消寒会
- 清寒 (qīnghán)
- 清寒子弟
- 漠漠寒
- 濟寒賑貧/济寒赈贫
- 燠寒
- 發脾寒/发脾寒
- 白屋寒門/白屋寒门
- 盛暑祁寒
- 盪寒/荡寒
- 破膽寒心/破胆寒心
- 祁寒
- 祁寒暑雨
- 祁寒溽暑
- 祛寒
- 禦寒/御寒 (yùhán)
- 秋月寒江
- 耐寒 (nàihán)
- 脣亡齒寒/唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
- 脾寒
- 腸傷寒/肠伤寒
- 膽寒/胆寒 (dǎnhán)
- 膽戰心寒/胆战心寒
- 膽破心寒/胆破心寒
- 膽顫心寒/胆颤心寒
- 自同寒蟬/自同寒蝉
- 芒寒色正
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 苦寒行
- 薄祚寒門/薄祚寒门
- 號寒啼飢/号寒啼饥 (háohántíjī)
- 衾寒枕冷
- 貧寒/贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧寒出身/贫寒出身
- 輕寒/轻寒
- 送暖偷寒
- 避寒 (bìhán)
- 郊寒島瘦/郊寒岛瘦
- 酸寒
- 酷寒
- 陰勝則寒/阴胜则寒
- 陰寒/阴寒
- 隆寒
- 顛寒作熱/颠寒作热
- 風寒/风寒 (fēnghán)
- 風寒紗縵/风寒纱缦
- 飢寒/饥寒 (jīhán)
- 飢寒交切/饥寒交切
- 飢寒交迫/饥寒交迫 (jīhánjiāopò)
- 骨肉未寒
- 高寒
Further reading
edit- “Entry #8312”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
- “寒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editShinjitai | 寒 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
寒󠄁 寒+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
寒󠄃 寒+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
editReadings
edit- Go-on: がん (gan)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kun: さむい (samui, 寒い, Jōyō); いやしい (iyashii, 寒しい); さびしい (sabishii, 寒しい); まずしい (mazushii, 寒しい)
- Nanori: さ (sa); さん (san)
Etymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
寒 |
かん Grade: 3 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC han).
The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE.[2] Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.[2]
Pronunciation
editAffix
edit- [from 700s] cold, chilly
- [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
- [from 900s] midwinter, cold season
Derived terms
editNoun
edit- [from circa 900] cold, coldness
- [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
- a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
- 干鮭も 空也の痩も 寒の内
- kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
- Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season
- 干鮭も 空也の痩も 寒の内
- a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
References
edit- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 寒 (MC han). Recorded as Middle Korean 한 (han) (Yale: han) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
editCompounds
editReferences
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn (
寒: Nôm readings: hàn[1][2][4][6]
References
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- zh:Traditional Chinese medicine
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading いや・しい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さび・しい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading まず・しい
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading さ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading さん
- Japanese terms spelled with 寒 read as かん
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