*ǵenh₁- (perfective )[ 1] [ 2]
to produce , to beget , to give birth
*ǵénh₁-ti ( root present )
Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
Sanskrit: जनति ( jánati ) (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Iranian: *jánati [ 3]
Eastern Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬰𐬂 ( zå , “ to give birth ” )
Northeastern Iranian:
Ossetian: ( “ to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow ” )
Digor Ossetian: зайин ( zajin )
Iron Ossetian: зайун ( zajun )
Sogdo-Bactrian:
Bactrian: ζαδο ( zado , “ born (ppp) ” )
Khwarezmian: [script needed] ( zʼd , “ born (ppp) ” )
Sogdian: ( /zan-/ )
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] ( zn )
Sogdian script: [script needed] ( zn )
Syriac script: ܙܢ ( zn )
Yagnobi: зан- ( zan- , “ bear, give birth; to be born ” ) , за́нта ( zánta )
Southeastern Iranian:
Pashto: زوول ( zōwul , “ to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth ” )
Northwestern Iranian:
Baluchi: زات ( zát ) , زای ( zá(y)- )
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: زان ( zan ) , -زێ- ( -zê- )
Northern Kurdish: zayîn , zan , -zê-
Proto-Medo-Parthian:
Caspian:
Gilaki: [script needed] ( zaan ) , زاج ( zāj- )
Parthian: ( /zāy-, zāyad/ , “ to give birth to; be born ” ) [ 4]
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] ( zʾy- ) , [script needed] ( zʼyd )
Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
Southwestern Iranian:
Middle Persian: ( /zādan, zāy-/ , “ to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth ” ) ; [Term?] ( /zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/ , “ to bear, give birth to ” )
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] ( Y̠LYDWNtn' ) , [script needed] ( zʾtn' ) , [script needed] ( zʼ- )
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] ( zʾd ) , [script needed] ( zʾy- ) ; [script needed] ( zʾyn- ) [ 5]
Illyrian: *Gentius
*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor ( deponent ye-present )
*ǵénh₁-ye-tor ( deponent ye-present )
Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti ( reduplicated thematic present )
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
Proto-Indo-Aryan:
Proto-Iranian:
Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
Proto-Italic: *gignō
Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants )
*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti ( sḱe-present )
Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants )
*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s ( “ seed, offspring ” )
*ǵónh₁-o-s
*ǵonh₁-éh₂
*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os ( “ race, lineage ” )
*ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s ( “ birth, production ” )
*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s ( “ produced, begotten ” )
*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és ( “ parent ” )
*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es ( “ parent ” )
*ǵn̥h₁-yo-
Proto-Germanic: *kunją ( “ kin, family ” )
Proto-Italic:
*ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
*ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
Old Armenian: ծնաւղ ( cnawł , “ parent ” )
*ǵenh₁-dʰl-
*pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- ( “ offspring, progeny ” ) [ 6]
Eastern Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 ( frazanti , “ offspring, progeny ” )
Northeastern Iranian:
Sogdo-Bacterian:
Bactrian: φροζινδο ( frozindo , “ descendant ” ) , φοροζινδο ( forozindo )
Sogdian: ( /fsāndē/ , “ child ” ) ( from *frazantaka ) [ 7]
Sogdian script: [script needed] ( βsʾntʾk ) , [script needed] ( βsʾntk )
Southeastern Iranian:
Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] ( “ daughter ” )
Sarikoli: [script needed] ( rajen )
Shughni: [script needed] ( rizīn )
Bartangi-Oroshori:
Bartangi: [script needed] ( razen )
Oroshori: [script needed] ( rizīn )
Roshani-Khufi:
Khufi: [script needed] ( rizoen )
Roshani: [script needed] ( rizēn )
Northwestern Iranian:
Parthian: ( /frazand/ , “ child, son ” )
Parthian: [script needed] ( frzynd )
Southwestern Iranian:
Middle Persian: ( /frazand/ , “ child, son ” )
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] ( prznd ) , [script needed] ( prẕnd )
Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] ( frzynd ) , [script needed] ( przynd )
Classical Persian: فرزند ( farzand )
Dari: فرزند ( farzand )
Iranian Persian: فرزند ( farzand )
Tajik: фарзанд ( farzand )
→ Pashto: فرزند ( farzánd , “ (poetry) son; child ” )
Unsorted formations:
Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants )
Hellenic:
Ancient Greek: γνωτός ( gnōtós , “ kinsman ” )
Ancient Greek: γέννα ( génna , “ descent, origin, race, genus; birth ” ) (see there for further descendants )
Indo-Iranian:
Indo-Aryan: ( several words meaning “ woman ” have been conflated with *gʷḗn )
Sanskrit: ज ( ja, já , “ son of; father; birth ” )
Sanskrit: जा ( jā́ , “ race, tribe ” )
Sanskrit: जान ( jā́na , “ birth, origin, birthplace ” )
Sanskrit: जना ( janā , “ birth, origin ” )
Sanskrit: जनि ( jáni , “ birth, production, birthplace ” )
Sanskrit: जननी ( jananī , “ mother ” )
Sanskrit: जन्तु ( jantú , “ offspring, kinsman ” )
Sanskrit: ज्ञाति ( jñātí , “ kinsman ” )
Sanskrit: जन्यु ( janyu , “ birth, creature ” )
Sanskrit: जन्य ( jánya, janyá , “ people, community, nation ” )
Sanskrit: जनुस् ( janús, janū́s , “ birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind ” )
Sanskrit: जनुषा ( januṣā , “ necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth ” )
Sanskrit: जनू ( janū́ , “ birth, descent ” )
⇒ Sanskrit: जनु ( janu , “ soul ” )
Sanskrit: जेन्य ( jénya , “ of noble origin; genuine ” )
Sanskrit: जातु ( jā́tu, jātú , “ at all, ever, perhaps ” )
Sanskrit: जात्य ( jā́tya , “ legitimate; of a good family ” )
Sanskrit: जनता ( janátā , “ people, folk; generation ” )
Sanskrit: जनन ( jánana , “ progenitor, production, birth, race ” )
Sanskrit: जज्ञि ( jájñi , “ germinating, shooting; seed ” )
Sanskrit: जन्मिन् ( janmin , “ creature ” )
Sanskrit: जानुका ( jā́nukā , “ bringing forth; woman ” )
Sanskrit: जाया ( jāyā́ , “ bringing forth ” )
Sanskrit: जावन् ( jā́van , “ born, produced ” )
Proto-Iranian:
Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 ( zantu , “ tribe, race ” )
^ Ringe, Donald (2006 ) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1] , Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008 ) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)[2] , Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112