2017 Puebla earthquake
![]() Clockwise from top left: Citizens helping to remove debris from a collapsed building in Mexico City; Major damage in the Morelos municipality of Jojutla; A partially collapsed building in Mexico City; The Grand Park fountain in Los Angeles is lit up in the colors of the Mexican flag in recognition of the victims of the earthquake. | |
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UTC time | 2017-09-19 18:14:40 |
---|---|
ISC event | 611079453 |
USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
Local date | 19 September 2017 |
Local time | 13:14:40 CDT |
Duration | Strong shaking for about 20 seconds |
Magnitude | 7.1 Mw |
Depth | 48.0 km (30 mi) |
Epicenter | 18°35′02″N 98°23′56″W / 18.584°N 98.399°W |
Type | Dip-slip (normal) |
Total damage | $8 billion USD[1] |
Max. intensity | MMI IX (Violent)[2] |
Peak acceleration | 0.114 g[3] |
Aftershocks | 39 (as of 12:30 23 September 2017 CDT)[4] |
Casualties | 370 dead, 6,011 injured |
The 2017 Puebla earthquake, also known as 19S, struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 Mw and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicenter was about 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla, Mexico. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.[5][6][7] 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in Mexico City,[8][9] and more than 6,000 were injured.[10]
The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed around 10,000 people. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11 a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake.[11][12] Twelve days earlier, the even larger 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck 650 km (400 mi) away, off the coast of the state of Chiapas.[13]
Background
[edit]![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_tectonic_plates.png/220px-Mexico_tectonic_plates.png)
Mexico is one of the world's most seismically active regions, sitting atop several intersecting tectonic plates. The border between the Cocos Plate and North American Plate, along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, creates a subduction zone that generates large seismic events.[5] Activity along the edges of the Rivera and Caribbean plates also generate seismic events. All together, these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico.[3]
Mexico City is built on a dry lakebed with soft soil made up of sand and clay, which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause.[14] Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves' speed from about 2.4 kilometres per second (8,600 km/h; 1.5 mi/s) to roughly 45 metres per second (160 km/h; 150 ft/s).[15] This increases the shockwaves' amplitude, which causes more violent shaking. Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves' destructive duration.[15]
Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake, Mexico had been struck by an earthquake in Chiapas on 7 September, which killed almost 100 people. Despite its close timing, the Puebla earthquake was not an aftershock of the Chiapas event, as the epicenters were 650 km (400 mi) apart.[16]
The possibility of a link between the earthquakes was being investigated in the days after the second one. Big earthquakes can increase the long-term risk of seismic activity by transferring "static stress" to adjacent faults, but only at a distance of up to four times the length of the original rupture. In the 19 September earthquake, static stress transfer was considered unlikely due to the distance between the earthquakes, in excess of the expected 400 km maximum. "Dynamic triggering", with seismic waves propagating from one quake affecting other faults, may operate at much longer distances, but usually happens within hours or a few days of the triggering quake; a 12-day gap is hard to explain.[17]
19 September is designated as a day of remembrance for the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which killed approximately 10,000 people. Every year at 11 a.m., a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City.[18] The 2017 drill took place as scheduled, at 11 a.m., around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake.[12][19]
Earthquake
[edit]According to the National Seismological Service (SSN) of Mexico, the epicenter was located 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Axochiapan, Morelos, and 120 km (75 mi) from Mexico City.[3] The earthquake was measured at a magnitude of 7.1, occurring at 13:14:40 Central Daylight Time, at a depth of 48 km (30 mi).[3] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) placed the epicenter 5 km (3.1 mi) ENE of San Juan Raboso and reported a measurement of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale.[5] Post-earthquake surveys indicated a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) near the epicenter region.[2] While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute, which is a long time for an earthquake,[20] acceleration/velocity/displacement seismograms at UNAM showed about 20 seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈1 second.[21] SSN reported a peak ground acceleration of 112 cm/s2 (0.114 g0) at the Popocatépetl reporting station in Tlamacas, Estado de México.[3] According to the USGS, the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault.[5]
According to the bulletin of Mexico's SASMEX earthquake warning system, 20 seconds' advance warning was given in Mexico City;[22] however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before, or during the quake.[23][24][25][26] Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill.[27] 25 of the early-warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake, and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Puebla, with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds.[citation needed]
Casualties
[edit]State | Deaths | Ref |
---|---|---|
Guerrero | 6 | [8] |
Morelos | 75 | [8] |
Oaxaca | 1 | [8] |
Puebla | 45 | [8] |
State of Mexico | 15 | [8] |
Mexico City | 228 | [8] |
Totals: | 370 | [8] |
Nine days after the earthquake, at least 361 people had been reported killed.[28][29] At least 74 people were killed in the state of Morelos, 220 in Mexico City, 45 in Puebla, 13 in the State of Mexico, 6 in the state of Guerrero and one in the state of Oaxaca.[28][30][29] In Mexico City, the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for as of the evening of 19 September[update].[31][32] The Mexico City campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education suffered damage, with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured.[33]
More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake, with more than 300 confirmed dead[34] as rescue efforts continued.
On 1 October the number of people known to have been killed was stated to be 361,[29] with more than 4,500 injured. By place, 220 were killed in Mexico City, 74 in the state of Morelos, 45 in Puebla, 15 in Mexico State, six in Guerrero, and one in Oaxaca.[35]
An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City, with no public record of how many were followed up. Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake. After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat (Seduvi) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints. Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt, and said that some developers circumvent building regulations, and city authorities frequently ignore complaints.[36] Mónica García Villegas, the owner of Colegio Rébsamen in Mexico City where 26 people including 19 children died when the building collapsed, was found guilty on September 17, 2020 of "culpable homicide" for ignoring safety regulations. The Mexico City prosecutor (FGJ-CdMx) asked for 57 years of prison.[37]
The casualties included eight foreigners, including four Taiwanese women, a Korean man, a Spanish man, a Panamanian woman and an Argentine man.[38] The actress Cecilia Suárez was injured while filming The House of Flowers in Condesa, Mexico City.[39] Mexico first female clown, Adela Peralta Leppe, was also killed when her building collapsed on her. She was trapped under rubble for 30 hours, and died months later due to complications.
Damage and aftermath
[edit]In Puebla, church steeples had toppled in the city of Cholula,[40] and a church on the slopes of Popocatépetl in Atzitzihuacan collapsed during mass, killing 15 people.[40] A second church, which was built in the 17th century, fell in Atzala during a baptism, killing 11 people including a baby.[41]
At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake, trapping people inside, creating large plumes of dust, and starting fires.[40] At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens.[30][42] Several buildings caught fire.[43] Condesa, Roma and del Valle neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone: a building located on Álvaro Obregón Avenue collapsed, and several buildings on Ámsterdam Avenue suffered damage.[44][45][46] The building housing the Philippine Embassy in Mexico City was badly damaged, requiring it to vacate the property.[47]
Gas leaks were reported, along with "piles" of rubble from collapsed buildings.[42] Stock prices declined at the Mexico Stock Exchange but recovered before trading was suspended.[48] Comisión Federal de Electricidad, the national electric utility, reported that 4.78 million customers lost power in Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and parts of Mexico City—roughly 35% of the company's customers in those states. However, none of the generating stations in the region sustained structural damage.[49]
Mexico City International Airport suspended operations while damage assessments took place, but reopened at 4:00 p.m. CDT (2100 UTC). 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure.[50][6][51] A plane carrying President Enrique Peña Nieto, returning from touring damage in Oaxaca from the earlier Chiapas earthquake, was diverted to Santa Lucía Air Force Base.[52] Mexico City Metro service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure, but restored by 17:30, offering free service to stranded passengers.[53] Building evacuations also caused delays to Metrobús service in the city.[54]
The federal Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB) declared a state of emergency for all 33 municipalities of Morelos,[55] for all 16 boroughs of Mexico City,[56] and 112 of the 217 municipalities of Puebla.[57] The declarations allow funds from the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) to be used during the emergency response phase.[55][56][57] The Mexican Army and Mexican Navy deployed 3,000 active-duty troops to Mexico City through the DN-III-E and Plan Marina emergency response plans. The troops were tasked with debris cleanup, search and rescue, and security missions. Additionally, the Secretariat of National Defence moved eight helicopters to Mexico City, and activated 3 shelters in the affected areas.[58]
A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with unreinforced masonry walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames.[59]
All Round of 16 matches of the Copa MX, an association football cup competition, were suspended until further notice.[60]
The hashtag #FuerzaMéxico (Be strong, Mexico) was used on social media outlets.[61]
Mexico's political parties offered to help victims in different ways, including the diverting some of the money they receive from the government for their campaigns.[62][63][64] After months of debate and legal challenges, the donations were: PRI US$5,792,000, PAN US$2,479,000, PVEM US$524,000, Movimiento Ciudadano US$2,529,000, Encuentro Social US$506,000, PRD US$1,239,000, and Nueva Alianza US$2,081,000; Morena and PT did not specify how much they would donate. Although these amounts were not reported to the national election board Instituto Nacional Electoral.[65]
International response
[edit]![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grand_Park_Fountain_in_Mexican_flag.jpg/220px-Grand_Park_Fountain_in_Mexican_flag.jpg)
In response to the earthquake and the preceding one in Oaxaca, by the end of September 501 rescue workers, 32 search dogs, equipment, and over 440 tonnes of humanitarian aid had been sent to Mexico from over 27 countries around the world.[66][67]
Among the countries that came to Mexico's aid were Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Panama, Peru, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, the Vatican, and Venezuela, with aid coming from the United Nations and the European Union, as well.[67]
Russia delivered 35 tonnes of aid supplies to Mexico, including 24.5 tonnes of canned goods, as well as 64 community-sized tents.[66]
China shipped 3,000 tents along with more than 500 camp cots.[66]
Canada sent 1,500 family-sized tents.[66]
The Israel Defense Forces sent a group of 71 search and rescue soldiers[68] including engineers, to help in the aftermath of the earthquake. The contingent had special dispensation to travel during the Rosh Hashanah holiday, normally forbidden under religious law.[69]
The Japan International Cooperation Agency sent a disaster relief team of 72 search-and-rescue personnel, four search dogs and five tons of equipment with personnel from the Japan Disaster Relief Team, Tokyo Fire Department and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police's SAR officers.[70] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country remarked that it was a show of thanks, as Mexico had sent a search team to help Japan during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[71]
Turkish state aid agency TİKA sent humanitarian aid – including packages containing hygienic and medical supplies prepared in coordination with the Mexican Red Cross – to Mexico City and Xochimilco.[72] TIKA also provided tools and equipment to be used in search-and-rescue efforts.[72]
US President Donald Trump called Peña Nieto to offer condolences, while the White House offered search and rescue assistance.[73] The U.S. Agency for International Development deployed an urban search and rescue team from the Los Angeles County Fire Department and experts from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to the affected regions.[74]
Celebrities who donated large sums include actress Salma Hayek ($100,000), Formula 1 driver Sergio Perez ($170,000), actress and singer Ana Brenda Contreras ($57,000), writer J. K. Rowling, singer Shawn Mendes ($100,000), Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg ($1,000,000), Apple CEO Tim Cook ($1,000,000), and others.[75]
Direct Relief, an emergency response organization, provided emergency response kits to a trauma hospital in southern Mexico City. They contained enough supplies to treat 1,000 people for a month. Direct Relief prepared shipments of medicines and medical supplies to improve its support to health care partners within the country.[76]
Aftershocks
[edit]Reconstruction
[edit]652 homes were destroyed, 1,157 were damaged in Jojutla, Morelos, and many other buildings, including schools and the Palacio Municipal (city hall), were damaged in the earthquake.[77] Two years later, in January 2020, residents were still waiting for reconstruction.[78]
Nearly three-and-a-half years after the earthquake, in January 2021, César Cravioto, commissioner for reconstruction in Mexico City, reported that 53% (13,945 homes) of the buildings damaged had initiated rebuilding. Work will begin soon on 30% (8,030 homes), and work on 4,601 homes (17%) is undefined. 59 buildings have been demolished and 11 are scheduled to be demolished but have not started. Reconstruction of 21 buildings belonging to the Patrimonio Cultural Histórico are being attended to; 13 are in process and work has finished on eight. MXN $5.3 billion were budgeted for reconstruction from January 2019 to December 2020 and MXN $3.8 billion were spent.[79]
Gallery
[edit]-
Collapsed building in Mexico City
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President Peña Nieto addresses the media
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Volunteers and rescuers working at collapsed building at Colonia Roma, Mexico City.
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Volunteers and rescuers working at a collapsed warehouse, colonia Obrera, Mexico City.
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Volunteers moving debris at Colonia Obrera, Mexico City
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Crumbled sidewalk outside a Hilton hotel, Mexico City.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Event:PUEBLA, MEXICO". ngdc.noaa.gov.
- ^ a b Montalvo-Arrieta, Juan C.; Pérez-Campos, Xyoli; Ramirez-Guzman, Leonardo; Sosa-Ramírez, Rocío L.; Ruiz-Esparza, Moisés Contreras; Leonardo-Suárez, Miguel (2019). "Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake". Seismological Research Letters. 90 (6): 2142–2153. Bibcode:2019SeiRL..90.2142M. doi:10.1785/0220190145. S2CID 210730927.
- ^ a b c d e "Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1)" [Earthquake of 19 September 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1)] (PDF) (in Spanish). National Seismological Service. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ Sismologico Nacional [@SismologicoMX] (23 September 2017). "Réplicas hasta las 12:30 hrs del 23/09/2017" (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
- ^ a b c d "M 7.1 – 5km ENE of Raboso, Mexico". United States Geological Survey. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b Almasy, Steve; Simon, Darran (19 September 2017). "Central Mexico earthquake kills dozens, topples buildings". CNN. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ "Mueren 4 tras sismo; caen 29 edificios" [4 die in earthquake after 29 buildings fall]. Reforma (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Recuperan cuerpo de última víctima del terremoto en México". AP News (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "Asciende a 46 la cifra de muertos por sismo: fallece mujer originaria de Atlixco". www.diariocambio.com.mx (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Reporta Ssa 51 lesionados graves – Independiente de Hidalgo". Independiente de Hidalgo (in Mexican Spanish). 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ^ "Powerful Earthquake Shakes Mexico on 32nd Anniversary of Deadly Temblor". NPR. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b "Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Mexiko" [Strong earthquake shakes Mexico]. Tagesschau (in German). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ "The Latest: Death toll rises to 226 from Mexico earthquake". Associated Press. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ Grad, Shelby; Lin, Rong-Gong II (19 September 2017). "Mexico City's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b Watkins, Derek; White, Jeremy (22 September 2017). "Mexico City Was Built on an Ancient Lake Bed. That Makes Earthquakes Much Worse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- ^ "The Latest: Seismologist: Mexico's 7.1 quake not aftershock". Associated Press. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ Witze, Alexandra (20 September 2017). "Pair of deadly Mexico quakes puzzles scientists". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22650. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ "Millions of Mexicans commemorate 1985 quake with drill". Madrid: EFE. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ Partlow, Joshua (19 September 2017). "Strong earthquake shakes Mexico, killing at least 40 people". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ "Deadly earthquake in the Puebla region, Mexico – at least 226 fatalities – September 19, 2017". Earthquake-Report.com. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
As @NTelevisaPuebla reports, the strong shaking lasted for approx. 1 minute and that's a very long time. The longer strong shaking lasts, the more damage will be inflicted!
Page added to frequently. - ^ "IRIS: Special Event: Central Mexico". IRIS – Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ "Boletín del Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Mexicano (SASMEX), 19 September 2017 at 13:15:04" [SASMEX Bulletin]. Centro de Insrumentación y Registro Sísmico a.c. (in Spanish). 19 September 2017.
- ^ "Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón, 20 September 2017 at 12:17:00" [Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX, te explicamos la razón]. El Grafico (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.
- ^ "Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 04:47:00" [Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica]. UnoTV (in Spanish). 20 September 2017.
- ^ "¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?, 21 September 2017 at 20:12:00" [¿Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México?]. CHISPA (in Spanish). 21 September 2017.
- ^ "Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica, 20 September 2017 at 20:12:00" [Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica]. BASTA (in Spanish). 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (20 September 2017). "Are Mexico's two September earthquakes connected?". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ a b Argen, David (19 September 2017). "Mexico earthquake: more than 60 dead as powerful tremor hits southern region". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Puente, Luis Felipe [@LUISFELIPE_P] (1 October 2017). "#Actualización" (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Stevenson, Mark; Sherman, Christopher; Orsi, Peter (19 September 2017). "149 killed as 7.1 magnitude quake fells buildings in Mexico". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ Vargas, Rosa Elvira (19 September 2017). "Confirma EPN recuperación de 22 cuerpos en colegio Enrique C. Rébsamen" [EPN confirms recovery of 22 bodies in Enrique C. Rébsamen school]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ "Hay 26 niños fallecidos y 30 desaparecidos en derrumbe de escuela Rébsamen: Peña Nieto" [Peña Nieto: 26 children dead and 30 missing in collapse of Rébsamen school]. El Universal (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ Sánchez Jiménez, Arturo (20 September 2017). "Cinco muertos y 40 heridos en el Tec de Monterrey" [Five dead and 40 wounded at Tec de Monterrey]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Death toll in Mexico quake rises to 295, search for survivors goes on". NBC News.
- ^ Notimex (30 September 2017). "Actualizan cifra, 360 decesos en el país por sismo del 19 de septiembre" [Figure updated, 360 deaths in the country due to the earthquake of 19 September]. Enfoque Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Martha Pskowski and David Adler (13 October 2017). "6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2017. Article has many examples of violations of building codes, followed by buildings collapsing in the earthquake; for example a collapsed six-storey building that had been constructed on the foundations of a previous two-storey building.
- ^ "Tribunal declara culpable de homicidio culposo a exdirectora del Rébsamen; FGJ-CdMx pide 57 años de prisión". www.msn.com. Sin Embargo. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Foreigners killed in Mexico quake from Taiwan, Korea, Spain". The Indian Express. 23 September 2017.
- ^ González, Renata (19 September 2018). "A un año del sismo, elenco de 'La casa de las flores' recuerda cómo vivió el 19S" [One year on, the cast of 'The House of Flowers' recall how they survived 19S]. Quién (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2019.
- ^ a b c Henderson, Barney; Horton, Helena; Strange, Hannah (20 September 2017). "Mexico City earthquake: More than 225 dead as buildings reduced to rubble". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ "Deadly quake rocks Mexico". BBC News. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b Semple, Kirk; Malkin, Elisabeth; Villegas, Paulina (19 September 2017). "Powerful Earthquake Strikes Mexico, Killing Dozens". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ "At least 134 dead after magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Mexico". CBC News. Associated Press. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ "Era horrible, todo temblaba" [It was horrible, everything trembled]. El País (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ Lafuente, Javier (20 September 2017). "Más de 220 muertos por un fuerte terremoto en México" [More than 220 dead by a strong earthquake in Mexico]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ Villalobos, Areli (19 September 2017). "Rescatan a 10 personas de un edificio colapsado en Álvaro Obregón 286, colonia Roma" [10 people are rescued from a collapsed building in Álvaro Obregón 286, colony Roma]. Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ Viray, Patricia Lourdes (20 September 2017). "No Filipino casualties in Mexico quake; embassy damaged". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ Imbert, Fred (19 September 2017). "Mexico stocks fall and then are halted after earthquake shakes buildings in Mexico City". CNBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ "Sismo Afecta Suministro Eléctrico A Más De 4.8 Millones De Hogares Y Comercios En El Valle De México, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero Y Tlaxcala" [Sismo Affects Electrical Supply to More Than 4.8 Million Homes and Businesses in the Valley of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Tlaxcala] (in Spanish). Comisión Federal de Electricidad. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- ^ Vásquez, Azucena (19 September 2017). "Afecta sismo a 180 vuelos en AICM" [Earthquake affects 180 flights to AICM] (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ Linthicum, Kate; Lin, Rong-Gong II; Zavis, Alexandra (19 September 2017). "At least 79 killed as powerful 7.1 earthquake strikes central Mexico". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ Elizalde, Elizabeth (19 September 2017). "Powerful 7.1 magnitude quake rocks Mexico City, kills at least 55". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
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- ^ "Servicio de Metro, Metrobús y Mexibús afectados tras sismo" [Metro, Metrobús and Mexibús service affected after earthquake]. El Universal (in Spanish). 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ a b "La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 33 municipios del estado de Morelos, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 33 municipalities of the state of Morelos, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b "La Secretaría de Gobernación declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para la Ciudad de México, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [The Ministry of the Interior declares Extraordinary Emergency for the City of Mexico, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ a b "La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 112 municipios del estado de Puebla, por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1" [The SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 112 municipalities of the state of Puebla, due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1] (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ^ Jiménez, Benito (19 September 2017). "Activan Plan DN-III en CDMX tras sismo" [Plan DN-III activated in CDMX after earthquake]. Reforma (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2017.
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- ^ "Esto fue lo que los partidos donaron a los damnificados". www.nacion321.com (in Spanish).
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- ^ IDF team heads home as Mexico quake rescue mission ends By Stuart Winer and AP, 28 September 2017
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- ^ Velázquez, Iris (21 September 2017). "Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- ^ a b Anadolu Agency (21 September 2017). "Turkey sends aid to 'quake-hit Mexico". World Bulletin. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ "230 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue – as it happened". The Guardian. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ McCleskey, Clayton (20 September 2017). "USAID Deploys Disaster Assistance Team for Earthquake in Mexico". U.S. Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- ^ "Shawn Mendes, Salma Hayek, Mark Zuckerberg and More Celebrities Donate to Mexico City Earthquake Relief Efforts". 22 September 2017.
- ^ "Responding to the Earthquake in Mexico | Bright Funds". www.brightfunds.org. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ García-Carrera, Jesús Salvador; Mena-Hernández, Ulises; Bermúdez-Alarcón, Francisco Javier (1 March 2018). "El terremoto 19S en Morelos: la experiencia operativa del INEEL en la evaluación del riesgo estructural". Salud Pública de México (in Spanish). 60: 65–82. doi:10.21149/9408. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ "Exigen reconstrucción de secundaria en Jojutla" [Reconstruction of middle school demanded in Jojutla]. La Jornada Morelos (in Spanish). 9 January 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "CDMX: al 53% la reconstrucción de los inmuebles dañados por el sismo de 2017". infobae (in European Spanish). Infobae. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
Further reading
[edit]- Montalvo-Arrieta, Juan C.; Pérez-Campos, Xyoli; Ramirez-Guzman, Leonardo; Sosa-Ramírez, Rocío L.; Ruiz-Esparza, Moisés Contreras; Leonardo-Suárez, Miguel (2019), "Macroseismic Intensities from the 19 September 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos Earthquake", Seismological Research Letters, 90 (6): 2142–2153, Bibcode:2019SeiRL..90.2142M, doi:10.1785/0220190145, S2CID 210730927
External links
[edit]![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Why Mexico City is so vulnerable to earthquakes – CNN
- A Shock WIthout Aftershocks – Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
- The Strange Tectonic Coincidence of Mexico's September Earthquakes – The New Yorker
- Chiapas and Puebla, Mexico, Earthquakes: Chain Reaction or Coincidence? – Temblor, Inc.
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
- ReliefWeb's main page for this event.