Strukturno inženjerstvo
Strukturno inženjerstvo ili konstrukcijsko inženjerstvo je potdisciplina građevinskog inženjerstva[1][2] u kojoj su strukturni inženjeri[3][4] obučeni za projektovanje 'kostiju i mišića' koji stvaraju formu i oblik veštačkih struktura. Strukturni inženjeri moraju da razumeju i proračunaju stabilnost, jačinu i krutost izgrađenih konstrukcija za zgrade[5] i nestambene objekate. Strukturni nacrti su integrisani sa projektima drugih dizajnera, kao što su arhitekte i inženjeri građevinskih usluga, i oni često nadgledaju izgradnju projekata od strane izvođača radova na gradilištu.[6] Oni takođe mogu da budu uključeni u dizajn mašina, medicinske opreme i vozila, gde strukturni integritet utiče na funkcionisanje i bezbednost.
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/220px-Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg)
Teorija strukturnog inženjerstva je bazirana na primeni fizičkih zakona i empirijskog poznavanja strukturnih performansi različitih materijala i geometrija. Strukturno inženjerstvo koristi brojne relativno jednostavne konstrukcijske elemente za izgradnju složenih strukturnih sistema. Inženjeri građevine odgovorni su za kreativno i efikasno korišćenje sredstava, strukturalnih elemenata i materijala za postizanje ovih ciljeva.[6]
Istorija
уредиStrukturno inženjerstvo datira unazad iz 2700 pne, kada je Imhotep, prvi inženjer u istoriji koji je poznat po imenu, sagradio stepenastu piramidu za faraona Džosera. Piramide su bile najčešće glavne građevine koje su izgradile drevne civilizacije, jer je strukturni oblik piramide sam po sebi stabilan i može se gotovo beskonačno skalirati (za razliku od većine drugih strukturalnih oblika, koji se ne mogu linearno povećavati srazmerno povećanim opterećenjima).[7]
Strukturna stabilnost piramide, koja se delom proističe iz njenog oblika, takođe se oslanja na čvrstoću kamena od kojeg je izgrađena i na sposobnost podrške njene težine kamenom iznad nje.[8] Krečnjački blokovi često su uzimani iz kamenoloma u blizini gradilišta i imaju kompresivnu čvrstoću od 30 do 250 MPa (MPa = Pa * 106).[9] Stoga, strukturna čvrstoća piramide proizlazi iz svojstava kamenog materijala od kojeg je izgrađena, a ne samo iz geometrije piramide.
Kroz drevnu i srednjovekovnu istoriju većinu arhitektonskog projektovanja i izgradnje izvodile su zanatlije, poput zidara i stolara, izdižući se ulozi majstora graditelja. Nije postojala teorija struktura, a razumevanje načina na koji su strukture stajale bilo je krajnje ograničeno i zasnovano gotovo u potpunosti na empirijskim dokazima „onoga što se radilo ranije”. Znanje su zadržavali cehovi i retko je bilo potiskivano naprecima. Strukture su se ponavljale, a povećanja u skali su bila postepena.[7]
Ne postoje podaci o prvim proračunima čvrstoće konstrukcijskih elemenata ili ponašanju konstrukcijskog materijala. Profesija građevinskog inženjera se zapravo oblikovala tokom industrijske revolucije i ponovnim pronalaskom betona (pogledajte istoriju betona.[10] and is the most widely used building material.[11] Fizičke nauke u osnovi strukturnog inženjerstva počele su da se razvijaju tokom renesanse i od tada su se razvile u računarske aplikacije počevši od 1970-ih.[12]
Reference
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- ^ „What is Civil Engineering”. Institution of Civil Engineers. 2022-01-14. Приступљено 15. 5. 2017.
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- ^ а б „What is a structural engineer”. RMG Engineers. 30. 11. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала 08. 12. 2015. г. Приступљено 30. 11. 2015.
- ^ а б Victor E. Saouma. „Lecture notes in Structural Engineering” (PDF). University of Colorado. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 07. 04. 2016. г. Приступљено 2. 11. 2007.
- ^ Fonte, Gerard C. A. Building the Great Pyramid in a Year : An Engineer's Report (Извештај). Algora Publishing: New York. стр. 34.
- ^ „Some Useful Numbers on the Engineering Properties of Materials (Geologic and Otherwise)” (PDF). Stanford University. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 6. 2012. г. Приступљено 5. 12. 2013.
- ^ Gagg, Colin R. (2014-05-01). „Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An historic appraisal and case study analysis”. Engineering Failure Analysis (на језику: енглески). 40: 114—140. ISSN 1350-6307. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.004.
- ^ Crow, James Mitchell (март 2008). „The concrete conundrum” (PDF). Chemistry World: 62—66. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2022-10-09. г.
- ^ „ETABS receives "Top Seismic Product of the 20th Century" Award” (PDF). Press Release. Structure Magazine. 2006. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 11. 2012. г. Приступљено 20. 4. 2012.
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- Blockley, David (2014). A Very Short Introduction to Structural Engineering. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19967193-9.
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Spoljašnje veze
уреди- Structural Engineering Association – International
- National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
- Structural Engineering Institute, an institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers
- Structurae database of structures
- Structuremag The Definition of Structural Engineering
- The EN Eurocodes are a series of 10 European Standards, EN 1990 – EN 1999, providing a common approach for the design of buildings and other civil engineering works and construction products