美洲原住民語言
(重定向自美洲原住民语言)
美洲原住民語言并不是一种语言,甚至也不是属于一种语系,而是美洲所有原住民的各种语言的总称。其中瑪雅語曾经有自己的文字系统。随着15世纪末开始西方殖民主义者的到来,美洲原住民数量在几百年的时间里锐减,再加上文化的同化,大部分美洲原住民语言都已经灭绝,目前即使会说美洲土著语言的大部分人也是操双语的人群。因为缺少研究材料,对美洲土著语言的研究很不足,目前对許多美洲土著语言的分类说法不一,尚不能把语系确定下来,只能暂时分为语组,大致有如下个语组,有几百种以上的语言,有许多语言现在能流利的说的人不足几十甚至几个人,大部分已经灭绝。
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Langs_N.Amer.png/300px-Langs_N.Amer.png)
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthAmerican_families_03.png/220px-SouthAmerican_families_03.png)
根据UNESCO的说法,美洲的大多数土著语言都处于严重濒危状态,许多语言已经成为休眠语言(没有母语使用者,但有一群遗产语言的使用者)或完全灭绝。大多数广泛使用的土著语言是南部克丘亚语(主要在南秘鲁和玻利维亚使用)和瓜拉尼语(以巴拉圭为中心,与西班牙语共同享有国家语言地位),大约有六七百万使用者(在瓜拉尼语的情况下,包括许多欧洲血统的人)。只有6种其他语言的使用者超过一百万;这些语言包括玻利维亚的艾马拉语和墨西哥的纳瓦特尔语,各有将近两百万使用者;危地马拉和墨西哥的玛雅语言克克其语、基切语和尤卡坦玛雅语,大约各有一百万使用者;可能还有一两种在秘鲁和厄瓜多尔的克丘亚语。在美国,根据2010年人口普查,有372,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[1]在加拿大,根据2011年人口普查,有133,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[2]在格陵兰,约90%的人口讲格陵兰语,这是最广泛使用的爱斯基摩语。
語系種類
编辑北美洲
编辑- 爱斯基摩-阿留申语系(Eskimo-Aleut)分布于北极地带,包括:
- 蘇-卡塔巴语系(Siouan–Catawban)分布於北美大平原大部分:
- 卡多语系(Caddoan)分布於北美大平原,現今分布於北達科他南部與奧克拉荷馬
- 穆斯科吉语系(Muskogean)分布於美國東南部:
中美洲
编辑南美洲
编辑參考文獻
编辑引用
编辑- ^ Census Shows Native Languages Count. Language Magazine. [2020-08-16] (美国英语).
- ^ Population by Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Aboriginal language spoken on a regular basis at home, for Canada, provinces and territories. [May 18, 2020].
来源
编辑- Bright, William. (1984). The classification of North American and Meso-American Indian languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), American Indian linguistics and literature (pp. 3–29). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Bright, William (Ed.). (1984). American Indian linguistics and literature. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-009846-6.
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- 北美洲
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- Sherzer, Joel. (1976). An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Sletcher, Michael, ‘North American Indians’, in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson, eds., Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, (2 vols., Oxford, 2005).
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
- Vaas, Rüdiger: ‘Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner’. In: Stoll, Günter, Vaas, Rüdiger: Spurensuche im Indianerland. Hirzel. Stuttgart 2001, chapter 7.
- Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1965). Classification of American Indian languages. Languages of the world, Native American fasc. 2, sec. 1.6). Anthropological Linguistics, 7 (7): 121-150.
- Zededa, Ofelia; Hill, Jane H. (1991). The condition of Native American Languages in the United States. In R. H. Robins & E. M. Uhlenbeck (Eds.), Endangered languages (pp. 135–155). Oxford: Berg.
- Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 南美洲
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
- Fabre, Alain. (1998). "Manual de las lenguas indígenas sudamericanas, I-II". München: Lincom Europa.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
- Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
- Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.
- Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 6, pp. 157–317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.
- Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
- Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.), Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics (pp. 10–26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopædia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138–141). London: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.
- Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-00155-7.
外部連結
编辑- Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos
- Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database
- South American Languages
- Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (SAIVUS)
- Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos
- Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama
- The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
- Indigenous Language Institute (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (SSILA)
- Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)
- Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest
- Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
- Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)
- Native Languages of the Americas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- International Journal of American Linguistics (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages