- 中文名
- 宾格
- 外文名
- accusative case/objective case/casus accusativus
- 拼 音
- bīn gé
主格 | 宾格 |
I | me |
you | you |
he | him |
she | her |
we | us |
they | them |
主格要放在主语位置，宾格要放在宾语位置。主语位置都知道，一般在句首，如：
I am a teacher.
在英语中，宾语有两个位置，一个在动词后跟宾语，注意不是所有的动词都需要跟宾语。另一个在介词后跟宾语，如：
I give him a book.
这里的give是动词，him是give的宾语（宾语的作用是使谓语所表达的意思完整和清楚），因为him的位置是宾语，所以，如果在这个位置上用的是人称代词，就得用宾格，而不能主格的he.
She speaks to me.
这里的to是介词，它后面的me在英语语法中称宾语，因此也要用宾格。
在实际运用中，主格和宾格代词有时会混淆。下面是常见的问题：
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在复合结构中，错误就难免了，如：
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
这种错误是可避免的。
第一，在有介词的复合结构中，特别要注意，第二个人称代词，必须用宾语，如：
for you and me
between Maria and him
第二，试把复合结构中的另一部分暂时用括号围起来，那么该用的格就容易辨别了，如：
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
显然的，(6)里的代词是宾格的"me", (7)里的代词是主格的"he"。
(8)a. You did as well as she. b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he. b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)两种说法，都可接受。但如果"as"和"than"后头分句的主语和动词都要完整出现的话，这时的人称代词，就必须是主格，如下：
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外，还有一点要注意，就是"as"和"than"后面虽然在语法上用主格好，用宾格也可，但是有时意思会有所不同。试比较(a)和(b)：
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I. b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria). b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
(12)a和b都被接受，但(12)a等于(13)a，而(12)b等于(13)B： 显然，这两句的深层意思大有差别。遇到这种情形，为了避免误解，不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来。换句话说，必要的话，要用(13)这句子。 不然，把(13)a变成(14), (13)b变成(15)也可：
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
现代英语中名词是没有宾格可言的，但英语从法语、西班牙语、意大利语中吸收了很多名词和形容词，这些名词和形容词往往就源自拉丁语的宾格。 [1]一些后缀就源于宾格：
- | 拉丁语主格 | 拉丁语宾格 | 英语后缀 | 衍生 | 参考资料 |
nt系 | -ans | -antem | -ant | -ance | [2] |
-ens | -entem | -ent | -ence | [3] | |
-escens | -escentem | -escent | -escence | [4] | |
ion系 | -io | -ionem | -ion | - | [9] |
-atio | -ationem | -ation | - | [9] | |
-itio | -itionem | -ition | - | [9] | |
-sio | -sionem | -sion | - | [9] | |
-izatio | -izationem | -ization | - | [9] | |
-ficatio | -ficationem | -fication | - | [9] | |
ty系 | -tas | -tatem | -ty | - | [10] |
-itas | -itatem | -ity | - | [11] | |
-ivitas | -ivitatem | -ivity | - | [10] | |
-etas | -etatem | -ety | - | [10] |
另外，英语从拉丁语中吸收了一些说法，下面短语中第二个词就是宾格：
原文 | 英文字面直译 | 含义 |
ad hominem | to a man [5] | 诉诸人身 |
ad libitum | at one's pleasure | 随意 |
ad nauseam | to sickness [6] | 到了令人作呕的程度 |
ad valorem | to the value | 照价 |
per annum | by the year [7] | 每年 |
per diem | by the day [8] | 每日 |
post meridiem | after noon | 午后 |
