File:Travertine stalactite (dripstone) 8.jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionTravertine stalactite (dripstone) 8.jpg |
English: The general term for all secondary mineral deposits occurring in caves is speleothem (a.k.a. "cave formations"). Two to three hundred different minerals have been reported to occur in various types of speleothem around the world. The most common speleothem minerals are calcite (CaCO3), aragonite (CaCO3), and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Calcareous speleothem is given the rock name "travertine".
Varieties of cave travertine are named based on morphology and origin. The most common variety is dripstone, which forms by dripping water. Other types of travertine include flowstone, knobstone (a.k.a. coralloids), helictites, shelfstone, rimstone, cave pearls, frostwork, etc. This is a cross-section through a travertine stalactite, which is a variety of dripstone. Dripstone forms by precipitation of minerals from dripping water. Dripstone structures attached to cave ceilings are called stalactites. Dripstone structures on cave floors are called stalagmites. Notice the small hole near the bottom - stalactites have open internal conduits (although they can get subsequently filled in). The cross-section shows that the stalactite is composed of a mix of fine-grained concentric layers and coarse-grained, radiating crystals. I strongly suspect this was found on a cave floor, already detached. One side shows significant dissolution, as if it was resting sideways. Locality: unknown (specimen purchased from a rock shop in Okaton, South Dakota) |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/50701330782/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/50701330782. It was reviewed on 11 December 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
11 December 2020
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current | 16:09, 11 December 2020 | ![]() | 2,128 × 2,008 (2.57 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/50701330782/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/11 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:39, 8 December 2020 |
Lens focal length | 11.614 mm |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 18.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 23:18, 9 December 2020 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:39, 8 December 2020 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 6.90625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 18:18, 9 December 2020 |
Unique ID of original document | C44D9D8E4CACF0E3DFA732B316100082 |
IIM version | 32,767 |