Bengali Kayastha: Difference between revisions
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==Varna status== |
==Varna status== |
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The Hindu community in Bengal was divided into only two [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varnas]]: Brahmins and Shudras. Hence, although the Bengali Kayasthas and Baidyas had a high social status equivalent to Brahmins, their ritual status was low, according to Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Leach|first1=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55|title=Elites in South Asia|last2=Mukherjee|first2=S. N.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|pages=55}}</ref> though it seems their ritual status is a subject of dispute as per other historians. |
The Hindu community in Bengal was divided into only two [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varnas]]: Brahmins and Shudras. Hence, although the Bengali Kayasthas and Baidyas had a high social status equivalent to Brahmins, their ritual status was low, according to Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Leach|first1=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55|title=Elites in South Asia|last2=Mukherjee|first2=S. N.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|pages=55}}</ref> though it seems their ritual status is a subject of dispute as per other historians. |
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=== Medieval era === |
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[[Brihaddharma Purana|Bṛhaddharma Puraṇa]] (Brh. P.; c. 13th century{{efn|Ludo Rocher however notes the text to contain multiple layers (like all other Puranas) making any dating impossible. However, he agrees with R. C. Hazra that a significant part was composed as a response to the Islamic conquest of Bengal.}}) is the earliest document to chronicle a hierarchy of castes in Bengal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Mukharji|first=Projit Bihari|title=Doctoring Traditions: Ayurveda, Small Technologies, and Braided Sciences|date=2016-10-14|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-38182-4|language=en|chapter=A Baidya-Bourgeois World: The Sociology of Braided Sciences|doi=10.7208/9780226381824-003|doi-broken-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>{{efn|Older sources on social setup include inscriptions of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] periods but Baidyas are not mentioned.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Sarma|first=Jyotirmoyee|title=Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus|publisher=Firma KLM|year=1987|pages=14, 20}}</ref>}} It became the standard text for popular negotiations of caste status.The Kayasthas who are identical with the Karanas of the Puranas, were ranked with some of the trading and artisan castes as Uttam Sankar Sudra in the Brihaddharma Puranam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanyal|first=Hitesranjan|date=1971|title=Continuities of Social Mobility in Traditional and Modern Society in India: Two Case Studies of Caste Mobility in Bengal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2942917|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=30|issue=2|pages=315–339|doi=10.2307/2942917|issn=0021-9118}}</ref> In the Chandimangal of Mukundaram the Kayasthas are distinguished from the trading and artisan castes and placed above them. The VallalCharita of [[Ānanda Bhaṭṭa]] classed the Kayasthas as highest ''Satsudra''s. The [[Chandimangal]] of [[Kabikankan Mukundaram Chakrabarti|Mukundaram Chakrabarti]] (c. mid 16th century CE) places the Kayasthas below Vaisyas, possibly indicating a Sudra status. |
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===Colonial era=== |
===Colonial era=== |
Revision as of 18:52, 19 February 2022
![]() A Kayastha of Calcutta, from a 19th century book | |
Regions with significant populations | |
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Bengal | |
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Bengali | |
Religion | |
Hinduism |
Bengali Kayastha is a Bengali Hindu who is a member of the Kayastha community. The historical caste occupation of Kayasthas throughout India has been that of scribes, administrators, ministers and record-keepers;[1] the Kayasthas in Bengal, along with Brahmins and Baidyas, are regarded among the three traditional higher castes[2][3] that comprise the "upper layer of Hindu society."[4] During the British Raj, the Bhadraloks of Bengal were drawn primarily, but not exclusively, from these three castes, who continue to maintain a collective hegemony in West Bengal.[5][6][7]
History
Some consider the Bengali Kayastha as an offshoot of the northern Indian Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha group who claim descent from the sons of Chitragupta. They claim lineage from migrants to Bengal from the ancient city of Kannauj who came at the request of Sena Dynasty kings in the 10th century.[8]
According to U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu, the early Kayasthas in Bengal, along with Brahmins, seem to be the descendants of immigrant Alpine Aryans, and their numbers were relatively low at the time of immigration. Since Bengal already had quite an advanced civilization in pre-Aryan times, "casual and intermittent contacts between the Aryans and the original inhabitants of Bengal" after the 4th century BCE widened the gap between these two different cultures. During the reign of the Gupta Empire beginning in the 4th century CE, systematic large-scale immigration by Aryan Kayasthas and Brahmins started; Kayasthas were brought over by the Guptas to help manage administration.[9]
According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian, the office of Kayastha in Bengal was instituted before the Gupta period (c. 320 to 550 CE), although there is no reference to Kayastha as a caste at that time. He says some scholars have noted that, "originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people from different varnas including the brahmanas. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal."[10]
Historians P. C. Choudhuri, K. R. Medhi and K. L. Barua state that "the Brahmins noted in the Nidhanpur and Dubi inscriptions of king Bhaskaravarman" bore surnames "which are at present used by Kayasthas of Bengal and Nagara Brahmins of Gujarat," and "were either of the Alpine origin or pre-Vedic Aryans." Similarly, the Kayasthas and Kalitas of Assam "are also supposed to be descendants of extra-Vedic Aryans".[11] Alpine Aryans are believed to have entered India as part of Aryan immigration during the third millennium BCE. It has been suggested that the Bengali Kayasthas along with the Nagar Brahmins were originally the Brahmin priests of the Alpines.[12]
According to André Wink, another historian, the caste is first referred to around the 5th–6th century CE, and may well have become so identified during the period of the Sena dynasty. Between that time and the 11th–12th century, this category of officials or scribes was composed of "putative" Kshatriyas and, "for the larger majority", Brahmins, who retained their caste identity or became Buddhists. As in South India, Bengal had lacked a clearly defined Kshatriya caste. The Pala, Sena, Chandra, and Varman dynasties and their descendants, who claimed the status of Kshatriya, "almost imperceptibly merged" with the Kayastha caste, "which also ranked as shudras". However, Richard M. Eaton opines that, after absorption of remnants of these dynasties, Kayastha became "the region's surrogate Kshatriya or warrior class".[4][13]
Sekhar Bandyopadhyay also places their emergence as a caste after the Gupta period. Referring to the linkages between class and caste in Bengal, he mentions that the Kayasthas along with the Brahmins and Baidyas, refrained from physical labour but controlled land, and as such represented "the three traditional higher castes of Bengal".[3] Eaton mentions that the Kayasthas continued as the "dominant landholding caste" even after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent, and absorbed the descendants of the region's old Hindu rulers. [13]
In Bengal, between 1500 and 1850 CE, the Kayasthas were regarded as one of the highest Hindu castes in the region.[14]
Varna status
The Hindu community in Bengal was divided into only two Varnas: Brahmins and Shudras. Hence, although the Bengali Kayasthas and Baidyas had a high social status equivalent to Brahmins, their ritual status was low, according to Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee,[15] though it seems their ritual status is a subject of dispute as per other historians.
Colonial era
A survey of Indian writers and observers suggests that many of those acquainted with the Kayasthas considered them as Dvija or twice-born. Rabindranath Tagore supported the claims of Kshatriya origin, because of their "respectability and prominence in adminsitration and overall rates of literacy". Abdul Sharar, who was well acquainted with them also supported their claims of twice-born origin citing their high literacy rate which a Shudra caste could not have achieved. However, the claims of Bengali Kayasthas of having Dvija status was not supported by Indian observers like Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya who cited their rituals to refute their claims.[16]
Modern views
Professor Julius J. Lipner mentions that the varna status of the Bengali Kayasthas is disputed, and says that while some authorities consider that they "do not belong to the twice-born orders, being placed high up among the Shudras; for other authorities they are on a level with Kshatriyas, and are accorded twice-born status."[17] According to John Henry Hutton, Kayastha is an important caste, ranked among the highest castes in Bengal (below Brahmins); the caste is now "commonly regarded as 'twice-born', and itself claims to be Kshatriya, though it was perhaps more often regarded as clean Sudra a hundred years ago".[2] Sanyal mentions that due to the lack of Vaishya and Kshatriya categories in Bengal, all non-Brahmin castes of Bengal, including the so-called "higher castes" are considered as Shudras; the Bengali Kayasthas are considered among the three uchchajatis or higher castes as their social standing has been high.[18] Lloyd Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph mention that Ronald Inden (an anthropologist), after spending part of 1964-'65 in Bengal, states in his dissertation on Kayasthas that inter-caste marriages are increasing among the urban educated "twice-born castes", Kayasthas, Brahmins, and Baidyas.[19]
Subcastes
Kulin Kayastha and Maulika Kayastha
According to Inden, "many of the higher castes of India have historically been organised into ranked clans or lineages".[14] The Bengali Kayastha was organised into smaller sub-castes and even smaller ranked grades of clans (kulas[20]) around 1500 CE.[21] The four major subcastes were Daksina-radhi, Vangaja, Uttara-radhi and Varendra. The Daksina-radhi and Vangaja subcastes were further divided into Kulina or Kulin ("high clan rank")[14] and Maulika or Maulik, the lower clan rank. The Maulika had four further "ranked grades". The Uttara-radhi and Varendra used the terms "Siddha", "Sadhya", "Kasta" and "Amulaja" to designate the grades in their subcastes.[20]
Origin myths
Kulin Kayasthas have an associated myth of origin stating that five Kayasthas accompanied the Brahmins from Kannauj who had been invited to Bengal by the mythological king Adisur. Multiple versions of this legend exist, all considered by historians to be myth or folklore lacking historical authenticity.[22] According to Swarupa Gupta this legend was
... fitted into a quasi-historical, sociological narrative of Bengal and deployed to explain the realities of caste and sub-caste origins and connections during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.[23]
According to this legend, the five original Kayastha clans are Bose/Basu, Ghosh, Mitra, Guha, and Datta,[24] the first four of whom became Kulin Kayasthas.[25][26]
Notable people
- Maharaja Pratapaditya, the king of Jessore who declared independence from Mughal rule in the early 17th century, was a Bengali Kayastha.
- Sri Aurobindo, Indian philosopher, yogi and nationalist.[27]
- Nagendranath Basu, historian and editor[28]
- Jagadish Chandra Bose, Indian scientist[29]
- Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji ("Respected Leader")[30]
- Debapratim Purkayastha, Indian educator and bestselling author[31][32]
- Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha[33]
- Swami Vivekananda (b. Narendranath Datta)[34][35]
- Paramahansa Yogananda, author of ‘Autobiography of a Yogi’.[36]
References
Citations
- ^ India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. 2011. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ a b Hutton, John Henry (1961). Caste in India: Its Nature, Function, and Origins. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 65.
- ^ a b Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). Caste, Culture, and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. Sage Publications. p. 20. ISBN 81-7829-316-1.
- ^ a b Wink (1991), p. 269
- ^ Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). Caste, Culture, and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. Sage Publications. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-761-99849-5.
- ^ Chakrabarti, Sumit (2017). "Space of Deprivation: The 19th Century Bengali Kerani in the Bhadrolok Milieu of Calcutta". Asian Journal of Social Science. 45 (1/2): 56. doi:10.1163/15685314-04501003. ISSN 1568-4849. JSTOR 44508277.
- ^ Ghosh, Parimal (2016). What Happened to the Bhadralok?. Delhi: Primus Books. ISBN 9789384082994.
- ^ Hayden J. Bellenoit (17 February 2017). The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760-1860. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-134-49429-3. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ Banu, U. A. B. Razia Akter (1992). Islam in Bangladesh. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-90-04-09497-0. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ Sharma (1978), p. 115
- ^ S. R. Bakshi; S. R. Sharma; S. Gajrani (1998). "Land and the People". Contemporary Political Leadership in India. APH Publishing Corporation. pp. 13–14. ISBN 81-7648-008-8.
- ^ S. K. Sharma, U. Sharma (2005). Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. North-East India. Volume 1. Mittal Publications. pp. 48, 176. ISBN 978-81-83-24035-2.
- ^ a b Eaton (1996), p. 102
- ^ a b c Inden (1976), p. 1
- ^ Leach, Edmund; Mukherjee, S. N. (1970). Elites in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 55.
- ^ Hayden J. Bellenoit (2017). The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes 1760-1860. Taylor & Francis. p. 178,176. ISBN 978-1134494293. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ Lipner, Julius J. (2009). Debi Chaudhurani, or The Wife Who Came Home. Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-19-973824-3.
- ^ Malcolm McLean (1998). Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad. SUNY Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-1-4384-1258-0.
there being no Kshatriya or Vaishya element in the indigenous population of Bengal. Ritually, the rank of the Baidya and the Kayasthas is the same as those of the Nabasakhs with whom they constitute the upper strata of the Bengali Sudras known as satsudra [sat meaning clean]. They are also referred to as jalacharaniya Sudras because of their right to offer drinking water to the clean Brahmans who can minister to them without defilement. However, in the secular context the Baidyas and Kayasthas, who were mostly landholders and professionals, occupy a much higher rank than the nabhasakshs, who are mostly traders, manufacturers, and agriculturists. It is due to this reason that Brahmans, Baidyas, and Kayasthas are usually combined together and referred to as uchchajati, i.e. higher castes
- ^ Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (15 July 1984). The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. University of Chicago Press. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-226-73137-7.
And Ronald Inden confirms, after spending 1964 and part of 1965 in Bengal preparing a dissertation on Kayasthas, that intermarriage is becoming increasingly frequent among the urban sections of the Kayasthas, Brahmans, and Vaidyas, that is, among those Western-ized and educated twice-born castes dominating the modern, better-paying, and more prestigious occupations of metropolitan Calcutta and constituting perhaps half of the city's population
- ^ a b Inden (1976), p. 34
- ^ Inden (1976), p. 1–2
- ^ Sengupta (2001), p. 25
- ^ Gupta (2009), pp. 103–104
- ^ "Dutta Chaudhuri Ancestry". 14 February 2021.
- ^ Inden (1976), pp. 55–56
- ^ Hopkins (1989), pp. 35–36
- ^ Aall, Ingrid (1971). Robert Paul Beech; Mary Jane Beech (eds.). Bengal: change and continuity, Issues 16–20. East Lansing: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. p. 32. OCLC 258335.
Aurobindo's father, Dr Krishnadhan Ghose, came from a Kayastha family associated with the village of Konnagar in Hooghly District near Calcutta, Dr. Ghose had his medical training in Edinburgh...
- ^ Chakravarty, Ishita (2019-10-01). "Owners, creditors and traders: Women in late colonial Calcutta". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 56 (4): 427–456. doi:10.1177/0019464619873800. ISSN 0019-4646. S2CID 210540783.
- ^ Gosling (2007). Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore.
- ^ A. Pelinka, R. Schell (2003). Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture. Transaction Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 978-07-6580-186-9.
- ^ Chakravorty, Reshmi (2016-12-13). "Professor Debapratim Purkayastha: The case study expert". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
- ^ "Dr. Debapratim Purkayastha: Best Selling Case Author". Open The Magazine. 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
- ^ An Indian In The House: The lives and times of the four trailblazers who first brought India to the British Parliament. Mereo Books. 2019. ISBN 978-1-86151-490-5. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Bachchan, Harivansh Rai (1998). In the Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography. India: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780670881581.
- ^ Banhatti, G.S. (1995). Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 1. ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ^ Sananda Lal Ghosh,(1980), Mejda, Self-Realization Fellowship, p.3
Bibliography
- Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9
- Gupta, Swarupa (2009), Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867–1905, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-17614-0
- Hopkins, Thomas J. (1989), "The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaisnavism to the West", in Bromley, David G.; Shinn, Larry D. (eds.), Krishna consciousness in the West, Bucknell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8387-5144-2
- Inden, Ronald B. (1976), Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture: A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-02569-1
- Sengupta, Nitish K. (2001), History of the Bengali-Speaking People, UBS Publishers' Distributors, ISBN 81-7476-355-4
- Sharma, Tej Ram (1978), Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company
- Wink, Andre (1991), Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-09509-0