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Things copied from anal sex, frot, and men who have sex with men. Since there is a "Lesbian sexual practices" I decided to create this page. It might need a little bit of work..
 
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==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|30em}}

{{uncategorised|date=May 2014}}

Revision as of 03:56, 12 May 2014

19th-century erotic interpretation of Hadrian and Antinous (detail), by Paul Avril

Gay sexual practices are sexual activities involving men who have sex with men (MSM), regardless of their sexual orientation or sexual identity. The Kinsey Reports states that 37% of the male subjects had at least one homosexual experience.[1]

Behaviors

Frot: two men rubbing their penises together to create sexual sensations

Historically, anal sex has been popularly associated with male homosexuality and MSM. However, many MSM don't engage in anal sex, and may engage in oral sex, frot (a form of frottage) or mutual masturbation instead.[2][3][4][5] They may also engage in intercrural sex. Among men who have anal sex with other men, the insertive partner may be referred to as the top, the one being penetrated may be referred to as the bottom, and those who enjoy either role may be referred to as versatile.[6] MSM may also have greater risks in that they can switch sex roles. [7] Various older studies on male-to-male anal sex differ significantly. The 1994 Laumann study suggests that 80% of gay men practice anal sex and 20% never engage in it at all.[8] A survey in The Advocate in 1994 indicated that 46% of gay men preferred to penetrate their partners, while 43% preferred to be the receptive partner.[6] A survey conducted from 1994 to 1997 in San Francisco by the Stop AIDS Project indicated that over the course of the study, among men who have sex with men instead of solely gay men, the proportion engaging in anal sex increased from 57.6% to 61.2%.[9] The National Institutes of Health (NIH), with their report published in the BMJ in 1999, stated that two thirds of gay men have anal sex.[10] Other sources suggest that roughly three-fourths of gay men have had anal sex at one time or another in their lives, with an equal percentage participating as tops and bottoms.[6] WebMD reports that "[a]n estimated 90% of men who have sex with men" practice receptive anal intercourse.[11] The notion that anal sex might resonate with gay men with the same emotional significance that vaginal sex resonates with heterosexuals has also been considered.[12][13] Some men who have sex with men, however, believe that being a receptive partner during anal sex questions their masculinity.[14][15] An orgasm may be achieved through receptive anal penetration by indirect stimulation of the prostate. Frot is a non-penetrative form of male-male sexual activity that usually involves direct penis-to-penis contact.[16][13] Frot can be enjoyable because it mutually and simultaneously stimulates the genitals of both partners as it tends to produce pleasurable friction against the frenulum nerve bundle on the underside of each man's penile shaft, just below the urinary opening (meatus) of the penis head (glans penis). MSM may engage in forms of oral sex by engaging in fellatio, anilingus, and Tea bagging.

Health Risks

A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women."[17][18] Anal sex between MSM may be considered to be very risky when it comes to health (For example STDs, pain in receptive partners, hygiene, etc). Since frot is a non-penetrative sex act, the risk of passing a sexually transmitted infection (STI/STD) that requires direct contact between the mucous membranes and pre-ejaculate or semen is reduced. HIV is among the infections that require such direct contact, and research indicates that there is no risk of HIV transmission via frot.[19][20] However, frot can still transmit other sexually transmitted infections, such as HPV, pubic lice (crabs) and genital warts.[21][22] Other sexual acts such as oral sex pose health risks as well.

HIV/AIDS

Main article: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[23][24][25] HIV can infect anybody, regardless of sex, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.[26] Worldwide, an estimated 5–10% of HIV infections are the result of men having sex with men.[27] However in many developed countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and most of Western Europe, more HIV infections are transmitted by men having sex with men than by any other transmission route.[26] In the United States, "men who have had sex with men since 1977 have an HIV prevalence (the total number of cases of a disease that are present in a population at a specific point in time) 60 times higher than the general population".[28]

In 2007, the largest estimated proportion of HIV/AIDS diagnoses among adults and adolescents in the U.S. were men who have sex with men (MSM). While this category is only 2% of the U.S. population[29] they accounted for 53% of the overall diagnoses and 71% among men.[30] According to a 2010 federal study, one in five men who have sex with men are HIV positive and nearly half don't realize it.[31]

According to a CDC study, HIV prevalence in the MSM population of the U.S. varies widely by ethnicity. "As many as 46% of black MSM have HIV" while "the HIV rate is estimated at 21% for white MSM and 17% for Hispanic MSM."[32][33][34] In the United States from 2001–2005, the highest transmission risk behaviors were sex between men (40–49% of new cases) and high risk heterosexual sex (32–35% of new cases).[35] HIV infection is increasing at a rate of 12% annually among 13–24-year-old American men who have sex with men.[36][37][38] Experts attribute this to "AIDS fatigue" among younger people who have no memory of the worst phase of the epidemic in the 1980s and early 1990s, as well as "condom fatigue" among those who have grown tired of and disillusioned with the unrelenting safer sex message. The increase may also be because of new treatments.[36] In developing countries, HIV infection rates have been characterized as skyrocketing among MSM.[39] Studies have found that less than 5% of MSM in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have access to HIV-related health care.[39]

Hepatitis B

Main article: Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which infects the liver of hominoidea, including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. The disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China.[40] About a third of the world's population, more than 2 billion people, have been infected with HBV.[41] Transmission of HBV results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. Possible forms of transmission include (but are not limited to) unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusions, re-use of contaminated needles and syringes, and vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth. HBV can also be transmitted between family members within households, possibly by contact of non-intact skin or mucous membrane with secretions or saliva containing the virus.[42][43] However, at least 30% of reported hepatitis B cases among adults cannot be associated with an identifiable risk factor.[44]

Other sexually transmitted infections

MSM have an increased incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and syphilis.[45] This follows an increase in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among men who have sex with men in the U.S.[46]

Syphilis (caused by infection with Treponema pallidum) is passed from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore; these occur mainly on the external genitals, or in the vagina, anus, or rectum.[47] Sores also can occur on the lips and in the mouth.[47] Transmission of the organism occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.[47] In 2006, 64% of the reported cases in the United States were among men who have sex with men.[47] This is consistent with a rise in the incidence of syphilis among MSM in other developed nations, attributed by Australian and UK authors to increased rates of sex without a condom among MSM.[48][49]

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that most sexually active people in the U.S. will have at some time in their lives.[50] It is passed on through genital contact and is also found on areas that condoms do not cover.[50] Most men who get HPV of any type never develop any symptoms or health problems.[50] Some types of HPV can cause genital warts, penile cancer, or anal cancer.[50] MSM and men with compromised immune systems are more likely than other men to develop anal cancer.[50] Men with HIV are also more likely to get severe cases of genital warts that are hard to treat.[50][51][52]

Though not commonly associated as an STI, giardiasis is common among MSM,[53] and it can be responsible for severe weight loss and death for individuals who have compromised immune systems, especially HIV.[54]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, p. 656
  2. ^ Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective. McGraw-Hill International. 2012. p. 91. ISBN 0335244815. Retrieved August 29, 2013. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  3. ^ "Not all gay men have anal sex". Go Ask Alice!. May 10, 1996 (Last Updated/Reviewed on June 13, 2008). Retrieved April 26, 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Goldstone, Stephen E.; Welton, Mark L. (2004). "Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 17 (4): 235–239. PMC 2780055.
  5. ^ Edwin Clark Johnson, Toby Johnson (2008). Gay Perspective: Things Our Homosexuality Tells Us about the Nature of God & the Universe. Lethe Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-59021-015-4. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Steven Gregory Underwood (2003). Gay Men and Anal Eroticism: Tops, Bottoms, and Versatiles. Harrington Park Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-375-6. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  7. ^ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/82330.php
  8. ^ Laumann, E., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., and Michaels, S. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. 1994. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Also reported in the companion volume, Michael et al., Sex in America: A Definitive Survey, 1994).
  9. ^ Center for Disease Control, Increases in Unsafe Sex and Rectal Gonorrhea Among Men Who Have Sex With Men – San Francisco, California, 1994–1997[1]. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  10. ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114912/
  11. ^ http://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns
  12. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=vuAWLtgnUm0C&pg=PA73&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XQ65UpCnN4Xd2QX_y4CACA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false
  13. ^ a b "The New Sex Police". The Advocate. April 12, 2005. pp. 39–40, 42. Retrieved February 12, 2011. Cite error: The named reference "Advocate.com" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ John H. Harvey, Amy Wenzel, Susan Sprecher (2004). The handbook of sexuality in close relationships. Routledge. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0805845488. Retrieved 2011-03-12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Odets, Walt (1995). In the Shadow of the Epidemic: Being Hiv-negative in the Age of AIDS. Duke University Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0822316382. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  16. ^ Joe Perez (2006). Rising Up. Lulu.com. pp. 190–192. ISBN 1411691733. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  17. ^ Sexual Behavior Does Not Explain Varying HIV Rates Among Gay And Straight Men
  18. ^ Goodreau SM, Golden MR (October 2007). "Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevalence in men who have sex with men". Sex Transm Infect. 83 (6): 458–462. doi:10.1136/sti.2007.025627. PMC 2598698. PMID 17855487.
  19. ^ http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/sexual-risk-factors/
  20. ^ Kelly, Jeffrey A (October 1995). "Advances in HIV/AIDS education and prevention". Family Relationship. 44 (4). National Council on Family Relations: 345–352. doi:10.2307/584989. ISSN 0197-6664. JSTOR 584989.
  21. ^ http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/sexual-risk-factors/
  22. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=oP91HVIMPRIC&pg=PA269&dq=en&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false
  23. ^ Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). "AIDS—the first 20 years". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (23): 1764–1772. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444.
  24. ^ Weiss RA (May 1993). "How does HIV cause AIDS?". Science. 260 (5112): 1273–1279. doi:10.1126/science.8493571. PMID 8493571.
  25. ^ Cecil, Russell (1988). Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 1523, 1799. ISBN 0-7216-1848-0.
  26. ^ a b "2009 AIDS epidemic update". Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization. November 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  27. ^ Men who have sex with men, HIV and AIDS
  28. ^ Consumer Affairs Branch (CBER) (2013-03-18). "Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men Questions and Answers". Fda.gov. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
  29. ^ "Few Americans with HIV have virus under control". MSNBC.com News Services. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  30. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/us.htm
  31. ^ "1 in 5 men who have sex with men have HIV, nearly half don't know it". USA Today. September 23, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  32. ^ HIV more prevalent among black MSM despite fewer risk behaviors
  33. ^ "Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors". AIDS: Official Journal of the International AIDS Society. October 2007.
  34. ^ Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report Summarizes Opinion Pieces on U.S. AIDS Epidemic – The Body
  35. ^ "2005 report".
  36. ^ a b Paddock, Catharine (June 27, 2008). "HIV Rising Among Young Gay Men In The US". Medical News Today.
  37. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (June 2008). "Trends in HIV/AIDS diagnoses among men who have sex with men—33 States, 2001–2006". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 57 (25): 681–6. PMID 18583954.
  38. ^ "New HIV diagnoses rising in New York City among young men who have sex with men".
  39. ^ a b "HIV rates skyrocketing among men who have sex with men".
  40. ^ Williams R (2006). "Global challenges in liver disease". Hepatology. 44 (3): 521–526. doi:10.1002/hep.21347. PMID 16941687.
  41. ^ "WHO | Hepatitis B".
  42. ^ Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW, Berquist KR, Favero MS, Bender TR, Maynard JE (1976). "Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32 (4): 572–4. PMC 170308. PMID 791124.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ "Hepatitis B – the facts".
  44. ^ Shapiro CN (1993). "Epidemiology of hepatitis B". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12 (5): 433–437. doi:10.1097/00006454-199305000-00036. PMID 8392167.
  45. ^ "Risky Sexual Behavior Among MSM In Europe Increasing Number Of Syphilis Cases, Health Officials Say".
  46. ^ STD Surveillance 2006: Men Who Have Sex With Men, Center for Disease Control
  47. ^ a b c d Syphilis & MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) – CDC Fact Sheet, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  48. ^ Christopher K Fairley, Jane S Hocking and Nicholas Medland. "Syphilis: back on the rise, but not unstoppable". Medical Journal of Australia 2005; 183 (4): 172–173.
  49. ^ M Hourihan, H Wheeler, R Houghton, B T Goh (2004). "Lessons from the syphilis outbreak in homosexual men in east London". Sex Transm Infect. 80 (6): 509–511. doi:10.1136/sti.2004.011023. PMC 1744940. PMID 15572625.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ a b c d e f "STD Facts – HPV and Men". Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  51. ^ Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C (2003). "Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships". Am. J. Epidemiol. 157 (11): 966–972. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg067. PMID 12777359. However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papilloma viruses, notably type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Chin-Hong PV; Vittinghoff E; Cranston RD; et al. (2005). "Age-related prevalence of anal cancer precursors in homosexual men: the EXPLORE study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97 (12): 896–905. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji163. PMID 15956651. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  53. ^ "Factsheet - Health Protection Surveillance Centre". Ndsc.ie. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
  54. ^ "Giardia in Drinking Water Giardiasis Waterborne Disease". Water-research.net. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
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