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A friend of Tawana Brawley has said that the black Dutchess County teen-ager - in league with her mother, Glenda - concocted the account of racially motivated sexual assault by white men in 1987 to es
She vanished on a cold, moonless autumn night in Wappingers Falls, N.Y., from a strip of gas stations and fast-food outlets that stand as a kind of neon-lit mockery of Washington Irving's quaint old h
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Much of the grand jury evidence pointed to a possible motive for Brawley's falsifying the incident: trying to avoid violent punishment from her mother and her mother's live-in partner, Ralph King. Witnesses testified that Glenda Brawley had beaten her daughter for running away and for spending nights with boys. King had a history of violence that included stabbing his wife 14 times, later shooting and killing her. There was considerable evidence that King could and would violently attack Brawley; when Brawley had been arrested on a shoplifting charge the previous May, King attempted to beat her for the offense -- at the police station. Witnesses have also described King as having talked about his step-daughter in a sexualized manner.
Much of the grand jury evidence pointed to a possible motive for Brawley's falsifying the incident: trying to avoid violent punishment from her mother and her mother's live-in partner, Ralph King. Witnesses testified that Glenda Brawley had beaten her daughter for running away and for spending nights with boys. King had a history of violence that included stabbing his wife 14 times, later shooting and killing her. There was considerable evidence that King could and would violently attack Brawley; when Brawley had been arrested on a shoplifting charge the previous May, King attempted to beat her for the offense -- at the police station. Witnesses have also described King as having talked about his step-daughter in a sexualized manner.
<ref name="Evidence Points">{{cite news |title= Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D81E3FF934A1575AC0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=[[New York Times]] |quote=A seven-month New York State grand jury inquiry has compiled overwhelming evidence that Tawana Brawley fabricated her story of abduction and sexual abuse by a gang of racist white men last year, according to investigators, witnesses and official summaries of evidence presented to the panel.|date=[[1988-09-27]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> On the day of her alleged disappearance, Brawley had skipped school to visit a boyfriend Todd Buxton, who was serving a six-month jail sentence. When Buxton's mother (with whom she had visited Buxton in jail) urged her to get home before she got in trouble, Brawley told her, "I'm already in trouble." She described how angry Ralph King was over a previous incident of her staying out late.
<ref name="Evidence Points">{{cite news |title= Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D81E3FF934A1575AC0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=[[New York Times]] |quote=A seven-month New York State grand jury inquiry has compiled overwhelming evidence that Tawana Brawley fabricated her story of abduction and sexual abuse by a gang of racist white men last year, according to investigators, witnesses and official summaries of evidence presented to the panel.|date=[[1988-09-27]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> On the day of her alleged disappearance, Brawley had skipped school to visit a boyfriend Todd Buxton, who was serving a six-month jail sentence. When Buxton's mother (with whom she had visited Buxton in jail) urged her to get home before she got in trouble, Brawley told her, "I'm already in trouble." She described how angry Ralph King was over a previous incident of her staying out late.
<ref>{{cite news |title= Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD91038F93AA15751C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=New York Times |date=[[1988-02-29]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title= Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD91038F93AA15751C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=New York Times |date=[[1988-02-29]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>


There was evidence that Brawley's mother and King participated knowingly in the hoax. Neighbors told the grand jury that in February they overheard Glenda Brawley saying to Mr. King: ''You shouldn't have took the money because after it all comes out, they're going to find out the truth.'' And another neighbor heard Mrs. Brawley say: ''They know we're lying, and they're going to find out and come and get us.''<ref name="Evidence Points">{{cite news |title= Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D81E3FF934A1575AC0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=New York Times |date=[[1988-09-27]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>
There was evidence that Brawley's mother and King participated knowingly in the hoax. Neighbors told the grand jury that in February they overheard Glenda Brawley saying to Mr. King: ''You shouldn't have took the money because after it all comes out, they're going to find out the truth.'' And another neighbor heard Mrs. Brawley say: ''They know we're lying, and they're going to find out and come and get us.''<ref name="Evidence Points">{{cite news |title= Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D81E3FF934A1575AC0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |publisher=New York Times |date=[[1988-09-27]] |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:34, 22 April 2008

File:Tbrawley.jpg
Tawana Brawley at a press conference in 1987.

Tawana Brawley is an African American woman from Wappingers Falls, New York. In 1987 at age 15, she received national media attention in the US for accusing six white men of rape, some of whom were police officers. The accusations soon earned notoriety, which was inflamed by Brawley's advisers Reverend Al Sharpton and attorneys Alton H. Maddox and C. Vernon Mason, public officials, and exaggerated media attention.[1] After hearing evidence, a grand jury concluded in October 1988 that Brawley had not been the victim of a forcible sexual assault and that she herself may have created the appearance of an attack.[2] The New York prosecutor whom Brawley accused as one of her alleged assailants successfully sued Brawley and her three advisers for defamation.[3]

Brawley initially received considerable support from the African-American community.[4] Some scholars suggested that Brawley was victimized by biased reporting that adhered to racial stereotypes.[5][6] The mainstream media's coverage drew heated criticism from the African-American press and leaders for its treatment of the teenager.[7] They cited the leaking and publication of photos taken of her at the hospital, and the revelation of her name despite her being underage. Some were also critical of authorities' failing to turn her case over to New York State's Child Protective Services Agency rather than leave her in the custody of her mother and advisers.[8] The outcome of the grand jury decreased support for Brawley and her advisers. Brawley's family has maintained that the allegations were true.

Origins of the case

On November 28, 1987, Brawley, who had been missing for four days, was found lying conscious but unresponsive in a garbage bag several feet from an apartment where she had once lived. Her clothing was torn and burned, her body smeared with feces. She was taken to the emergency room, where various slurs and epithets were discovered written on her torso with a black substance described as charcoal.[9]

A detective from the Sheriff's Juvenile Aid Bureau, among others, was summoned to interview Brawley, but she remained unresponsive. The family requested a black officer, which the police granted. Brawley, described as having an "extremely spacey" look on her face, communicated with this officer with nods of the head, shrugs of the shoulder, and written notes. The interview lasted 20 minutes, during which she uttered only one word: "neon." Through gestures and writing, however, she indicated she had been raped repeatedly in a wooded area by three white men, at least one of them a police officer. A sexual assault kit was administered, and police began building a case.

Brawley claimed she had been repeatedly raped by a group of white men but could provide no names or descriptions of her assailants. She later told others that there had been no rape, only other kinds of sexual abuse. Forensic tests found no evidence that a sexual assault of any kind had occurred. Nor was there any evidence of exposure to elements, which would be expected in a victim held for several days in the woods at a time when the temperature dropped below freezing at night.

There were other discrepancies in Brawley's story. On the morning after the alleged abduction, she was seen entering the empty apartment at the Pavillion Apartments where she had once lived. Other witnesses claimed to have seen her at parties in a nearby town during the period when she was said to be missing. She had no bruises, contusions, scratches or other injuries except for a small bruise behind the left ear, which was determined to be several days old. One witness claimed to have seen her climb into the garbage bag in which she was found. Her mother, Glenda Brawley, was spotted at the apartment complex shortly before Brawley was seen getting into the garbage bag. The mother waited until that same afternoon to report Brawley as missing to the police. The investigation turned up evidence that indicated damage done to Brawley's clothing had occurred in the apartment. According to the grand jury report, all of "the items and instrumentalities necessary to create the condition in which Brawley appeared on Saturday, November 28, were present inside of or in the immediate vicinity of Apartment 19A." The feces had come from a neighbor's dog.

Public response

Public response to Brawley's story was at first mostly sympathetic. Bill Cosby, among others, pledged support for her and helped raise money for a legal fund. In December 1987, 1,000 people marched through the streets of Newburgh, New York in support of Brawley.[10]

Brawley's claims in the case captured headlines across the country. Public rallies were held denouncing the incident. Racial tensions also climbed. When civil rights activist Rev.Al Sharpton, with attorneys Alton H. Maddox and C. Vernon Mason, began handling Brawley's publicity, the case quickly took on an explosive edge. At the height of the controversy, public opinion was sharply divided along racial lines on the question of whether the teenager was telling the truth, and on support for her advisers. A June 1988 poll showed a gap of 34 percentage points between blacks (51%) and whites (85%) on the question of whether she was lying.[11]

Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason generated a national media sensation. The three claimed officials all the way up to the state government were trying to cover up defendants in the case because they were white. Specifically, they named Steven Pagones, an Assistant District Attorney in Dutchess County, as one of the rapists, and a racist, among other accusations.[12]

The mainstream media's coverage drew heated criticism from the African-American press and leaders for its treatment of the teenager.[13][14][15] They cited the leaking and publication of photos taken of her at the hospital and the revelation of her name despite her being underage. [16]

In addition, critics were concerned that Brawley had been left in the custody of her mother, stepfather and advisers, rather than being given protection by the state, that she was used as a pawn by adults who should have protected her. [17]

Grand jury hearings

Under the authority of New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams, a grand jury was called to hear evidence. On October 6, 1988, the Abrams Grand Jury released its 170-page report concluding Brawley had not been abducted, assaulted, raped and sodomized, as had been claimed by Brawley and her advisers. The report further concluded that the "unsworn public allegations against Dutchess County Assistant District Attorney Steven Pagones" were false and had no basis in fact. To issue the report, the Grand Jury heard from 180 witnesses, saw 250 exhibits and recorded more than 6,000 pages of testimony. [18]

In the decision, the grand jury noted many problems with Brawley's story. Among these were that the rape kit results did not indicate sexual assault. Also, despite her claim of having been held captive for days, Brawley was not suffering from exposure, was well nourished, and appeared to have brushed her teeth recently. Despite her clothing being charred, there were no burns on her body. Although a shoe she was wearing was cut through, Brawley had no injuries to her foot. The racial epithets written on her were upside down, which led to suspicion that Brawley wrote the words. Testimony from her schoolmates indicated she had attended a local party during the time of her supposed abduction. One witness claimed to have observed Brawley climbing into the garbage bag. [19] A total of 180 witnesses were called during the hearings. Brawley herself never testified.[20]

Possible motives

Much of the grand jury evidence pointed to a possible motive for Brawley's falsifying the incident: trying to avoid violent punishment from her mother and her mother's live-in partner, Ralph King. Witnesses testified that Glenda Brawley had beaten her daughter for running away and for spending nights with boys. King had a history of violence that included stabbing his wife 14 times, later shooting and killing her. There was considerable evidence that King could and would violently attack Brawley; when Brawley had been arrested on a shoplifting charge the previous May, King attempted to beat her for the offense -- at the police station. Witnesses have also described King as having talked about his step-daughter in a sexualized manner. [21] On the day of her alleged disappearance, Brawley had skipped school to visit a boyfriend Todd Buxton, who was serving a six-month jail sentence. When Buxton's mother (with whom she had visited Buxton in jail) urged her to get home before she got in trouble, Brawley told her, "I'm already in trouble." She described how angry Ralph King was over a previous incident of her staying out late. [22]

There was evidence that Brawley's mother and King participated knowingly in the hoax. Neighbors told the grand jury that in February they overheard Glenda Brawley saying to Mr. King: You shouldn't have took the money because after it all comes out, they're going to find out the truth. And another neighbor heard Mrs. Brawley say: They know we're lying, and they're going to find out and come and get us.[21]

In April 1989, the New York newspaper Newsday published claims by a boyfriend of Brawley's, Daryl Rodriguez, that she had told him the story was fabricated, with help from her mother, in order to avert the wrath of her stepfather.[23]

Writing about the case in a 2004 book on perceptions of racial violence, sociologist Jonathan Markovitz concluded "it is reasonable to suggest that Brawley's fear and the kinds of suffering that she must have gone through must have been truly staggering if they were enough to force her to resort to cutting her hair, covering herself in feces, and crawling into a garbage bag."[24]

Aftermath

Brawley and her mother were issued subpoenas to appear in front of the grand jury but refused to testify. Brawley and her family moved to Virginia, taking with them a "defense fund" of $300,000 which had been contributed by well-wishers. There remains an outstanding warrant in New York against the two for ignoring the subpoena. Brawley later converted to Islam and changed her name to Maryam Muhammad. [25]

The case exposed deep distrust in the black community about winning justice from white institutions, and it also showed how easily the public could be manipulated before a full investigation could take place.[17] Some opinions remained fixed. Columbia University law professor Patricia J. Williams wrote in 1991 that the teenager "has been the victim of some unspeakable crime. No matter how she got there. No matter who did it to her— and even if she did it to herself."[26] These comments aroused controversy as well.[27]

The case still hangs over Rev. Al Sharpton, particularly since his entry into mainstream politics and frequent advocacy in controversial cases. He has been faulted not only because he defended Brawley's story well after its veracity came into question, but because he leveled unfounded accusations and, according to some of his critics, played "the race card."

Alton H. Maddox, Jr. was disbarred by the Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court in Brooklyn on May 21, 1990, after failing to appear before a disciplinary hearing to answer allegations regarding his conduct in the Brawley case.[28]

In 1998, Pagones was awarded $345,000 (he sought $150 million) through a lawsuit for defamation of character that he had brought against Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason. The jury found Sharpton liable for making seven defamatory statements about Pagones, Maddox for two and Mason for one. The jury deadlocked on four of the 22 statements over which Pagones had sued, and eight statements were found non-defamatory. [29] In a later interview, Pagones said the turmoil by the accusations of Brawley and her advisers had cost him his first marriage and much personal grief. He had worked at getting on with his life.

Pagones had also sued Brawley. She defaulted by not appearing at the trial, and the judge ordered her to pay him damages of $185,000. As of 2003, none of the award had been paid. [30] The $65,000 portion of the judgment assigned to Al Sharpton was paid for him in 2001 by supporters, including renowned attorney Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. and former businessman Earl G. Graves, Jr.[31][32]

Maintains allegations are true

Brawley has maintained she did not invent the story, and in a 2003 appearance, she still had supporters. [33] In November 2007, Brawley's mother and stepfather, in a 20th anniversary feature for the New York Daily News contended the attack happened. "How could we make this up and take down the state of New York? We're just regular people," Glenda Brawley said. They said they had asked New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo and Governor Eliot Spitzer to reopen the case. They also said that Brawley, who has converted to Islam, would speak at any legal proceedings. Brawley now uses the name Tawana Thompson.[34]

References

  1. ^ Edwin Diamond. The Media Show: The Changing Face of the News, 1985-1990. MIT Press, 1991. “The great paradox of Brawley 2 was that this dumb show went on for months, encouraged by the authorities and the media. The “white power structure" —as Sharpton calls it — all but propped up the advisers' shaky scenarios. The governor and the attorney general, their eyes on electoral politics as well as the case, gave the appearance of trying to avoid offense to any constituency, black or white.”
  2. ^ Court TV
  3. ^ http://www.nycourts.gov/press/old_keep/brawley.htm
  4. ^ Yardley, Jim (December 3, 1997). "After a Decade, Brawley Reappears and Repeats Charges". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-18. In her first public appearance in New York since her story of rape, abduction and hatred opened deep racial divisions a decade ago, a confident and defiant Tawana Brawley told a roaring audience of supporters last night the same thing she did then: that she had told the truth. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Jonathan Markovitz. Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory. University of Minnesota Press, 2004,
  6. ^ K. Sue Jewell. From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of U.S. Social Policy. Routledge, 1993. p 200. “Specifically, Tawana Brawley, Robin Givens and Anita Hill were subjected to the mass media's and, more generally, society's negative and hostile perception of African American women.”
  7. ^ Pamela Newkirk. Within the Veil: Black Journalists, White Media. New York University Press, pp152-154.
  8. ^ Utrice Leid. It's an outrage! The City Sun. April 26 - May 2, 1989. "The same media that demanded Brawley "prove" her sexual assault made no such demands in the Central Park case. The same media that had no difficulty identifying the underaged Wappingers Falls teenager by name, invading the sanctity of her home to show her face and even televising seminude pictures of her while she was in the hospital..."
  9. ^ "Report of the Grand Jury on the Tawana Brawley Investigation". Court TV. 1988-10-29. Retrieved 2007-04-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "At tense relationship". Times Herald-Record. November 1, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-18. Some witnesses say they saw Brawley in Newburgh during the time she was missing, but that never was proven. In December 1987, more than 1,000 people, including Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, march in Brawley's support through the city streets. In October, 1988, a special grand jury rules Brawley's claims a hoax. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Robert Charles Smith, Richard Seltzer. Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
  12. ^ "Playing politics with death". Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-06-21. In 1989, after a grand jury found against Tawana Brawley, a defiant Rev. Al Sharpton brought her to New York to the trial of six young men charged with raping and nearly killing a jogger in Central Park. He had Brawley shake hands with the defendants. Soon after they were convicted of having attacked the jogger. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Jonathan Markovitz. Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory.University of Minnesota Press, 2004, p. 92: "That the story of a black girl's extreme racial and sexual victimization was not by itself sufficiently newsworthy for the mainstream press became an important bone of contention in later coverage by some of the Black press."
  14. ^ Ellen G. Friedman, Corinne Squire. Morality USA. University of Minnesota Press, 1998, p. 69: "For segments of the black press, however, the Brawley story's truth was not in question: the case simply demonstrated the bankruptcy of the white justice system."
  15. ^ Robert D. McFadden, Ralph Blumenthal, M. A. Farber, E. R. Shipp, Charles Strum and Craig Wolff. Outrage: The Story Behind the Tawana Brawley Hoax. Bantam Books, 1990. "The white media was skeptical of the Brawley story; the black press believed that it was another milestone on its long crusade to fight racial injustice and to promote the self-esteem of black people."
  16. ^ Utrice Leid. It's an outrage! The City Sun. April 26 - May 2, 1989. "The same media that demanded Brawley "prove" her sexual assault made no such demands in the Central Park case. The same media that had no difficulty identifying the underaged Wappingers Falls teenager by name, invading the sanctity of her home to show her face and even televising seminude pictures of her while she was in the hospital..."
  17. ^ a b Miles, Martha (October 9, 1988). "After the Grand Jury; What Happened to Tawana Brawley's Case - And to Attitudes About Race and Justice". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-18. State law provides that if a child appears to have been sexually molested, then the Child Protective Services Agency is supposed to take jurisdiction and custody of that child. Now, Tawana Brawley was 15 at the time of the incident. If that had been done, as I proposed early on, the agency would have given her psychiatric attention and preserved evidence of rape, if there were evidence, and Mason and Maddox would have been deprived of their pawn. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Steven Pagones vs. Tawana Brawley et alia". New York State. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  19. ^ Hill, Michael (1998-01-13). "Man says Brawley seemed to be faking". Albany Times Union. p. B2. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "Once Again, Brawley Declines to Testify". New York Times. July 24, 1998. Retrieved 2008-03-30. More than a decade after she frustrated investigators by refusing to testify about her allegations of abduction and rape, Tawana Brawley failed to appear in court today. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ a b "Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley". New York Times. 1988-09-27. Retrieved 2008-01-20. A seven-month New York State grand jury inquiry has compiled overwhelming evidence that Tawana Brawley fabricated her story of abduction and sexual abuse by a gang of racist white men last year, according to investigators, witnesses and official summaries of evidence presented to the panel. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Evidence Points" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ "Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim". New York Times. 1988-02-29. Retrieved 2008-01-20. She vanished on a cold, moonless autumn night in Wappingers Falls, N.Y., from a strip of gas stations and fast-food outlets that stand as a kind of neon-lit mockery of Washington Irving's quaint old haunts up the Hudson. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "Paper Says Brawley Friend Was Told of Faked Assault". New York Times. April 28, 1989. Retrieved 2008-04-22. A friend of Tawana Brawley has said that the black Dutchess County teen-ager - in league with her mother, Glenda - concocted the account of racially motivated sexual assault by white men in 1987 to escape punishment by her mother's companion for staying out late, New York Newsday reported yesterday. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Jonathan Markovitz. Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory. University of Minnesota Press, 2004,
  25. ^ "If Michael Jackson Converts to Islam". Cybercast News Service. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  26. ^ Patricia J. Williams. The Alchemy of Race and Rights. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1991. ISBN 9780674014718, page 169.
  27. ^ Daniel A. Farber, Suzanna Sherry. Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law. Oxford University Press, 1997.
  28. ^ Lubasch, Arnold (1990-05-22). "Court suspends Maddox for refusal to testify at grievance hearing". New York Times. p. B1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "Winner in Brawley suit says victory is bittersweet". CNN. Retrieved 2007-06-21. Former prosecutor Steven Pagones said Monday that his victory over the Rev. Al Sharpton and two other advisers to Tawana Brawley in his racially charged, $395 million lawsuit was bittersweet. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  30. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (2003-03-02). "Hoping Brawley Thinks Of 'Damage She Caused'". Following Up. New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Sharpton's Debt in Brawley Defamation Is Paid by Supporters. New York Times; June 15, 2001
  32. ^ Tony Norman (2007-Nov-20). "Al Sharpton: Dogged by a sleeping lie". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ Margolin, Josh (1997-12-03). "I'm not a liar". Associated Press. Retrieved 2006-01-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ Block, Dorian (November 18 2007). "20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2007-11-18. Many people in this rural town of just 300 know the story of Tawana Brawley, but most have no idea her family lives among them. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

See also

External links

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