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| caption = Screenshot of the [[Start screen]] in Windows 8
| caption = Screenshot of the [[Start screen]] in Windows 8
| developer = [[Microsoft Corporation]]
| developer = [[Microsoft Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/release-preview}}
| website = {{URL|http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/}}
| source_model = <!-- Closed-source -->
| source_model = <!-- Closed-source -->
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]]

Revision as of 19:20, 16 October 2012

Windows 8
File:Windows 8 start screen.png
Screenshot of the Start screen in Windows 8
DeveloperMicrosoft Corporation
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Released to
manufacturing		October 26, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-10-26)
Latest release6.2.9200.16384 (RTM) / August 1, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-08-01)[1]
Update methodWindows Update
PlatformsIA-32, x86-64, and ARM[2]
Kernel typeHybrid
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Preceded byWindows 7
Official websitewindows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/home
Support status
  • Start date: October 30, 2012[3]
  • Mainstream support: Until January 9, 2018
  • Extended support: Until January 10, 2023
Articles in the series

Windows 8 is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablets, and home theater PCs.

Development of this operating system started before the release of its predecessor in 2009. Its existence was first announced in January 2011 at Consumer Electronics Show. During its development and test phases, Microsoft released three pre-release versions: Developer Preview (September 13, 2011), Consumer Preview (February 29, 2012), and Release Preview (May 31, 2012). On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 graduated from the development stage and was released to manufacturing. Windows 8 is scheduled for general availability on October 26, 2012.[4]

Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's graphical user interface and platform, such as a new interface design incorporating a new design language used by other Microsoft products, a new Start screen to replace the Start menu used by previous versions of Windows, a new online store that can be used to obtain new applications, along with a new platform for apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input.[5] Additional security features were added to the operating system, such as a built-in antivirus program and a secure boot feature on systems with UEFI firmware. Secure boot requires the operating system to be digitally signed to protect malware from infecting the boot process. The implementation of this feature has sparked controversy among supporters of free software. Windows 8 introduces an edition of the operating system designed to run on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, known as Windows RT.

Development history

Early announcements

Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped[6] in 2009. In January 2011, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), that Microsoft announced that Windows 8 would be adding support for ARM microprocessors in addition to the x86 microprocessors from Intel, AMD and VIA.[7][8] On June 1, 2011, Microsoft officially unveiled Windows 8's new user interface as well as additional features at the Taipei Computex 2011 in Taipei (Taiwan) by Mike Angiulo and at the D9 conference in California (United States) by Julie Larson-Green and Microsoft's Windows President Steven Sinofsky.[9][10] A month before the BUILD conference was held, Microsoft opened a new blog called "Building Windows 8" for users and developers on August 15, 2011.[11]

Developer Preview

A screenshot of Windows 8 Developer Preview running on a multi-monitor system, showcasing many features

Microsoft unveiled new Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the BUILD conference on September 13, 2011.[12] Microsoft released Windows 8 Developer Preview (build 8102) the same day, which included SDKs and developer tools (such as Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing applications for Windows 8's new interface.[13] According to Microsoft, there were more than 500,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release.[14] The Developer Preview introduced the Start screen. The Start button in the desktop opened the Start screen instead of the Start menu.

On 16 February 2012, Microsoft postponed the expiration date of the developer preview. Originally set to expire on 11 March 2012, this release is now set to expire on 15 January 2013.[15]

Consumer Preview

The new File Explorer interface in Windows 8

On 29 February 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. For the first time since Windows 95, the Start button is no longer present on the taskbar, though the Start screen is still triggered by clicking the bottom-left corner of the screen and by clicking Start on the Charm bar.[16] Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public.[16] The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times.[17] Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview is set to expire on January 15, 2013.

Release Preview

At Japan's Developers Day conference, Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June.[18] On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites.[19] On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft.[20]

Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Flash Player in Internet Explorer.[21] Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview is set to expire on January 15, 2013.

Final version

On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200[22]) was released to manufacturing.[23] Microsoft plans to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012[24] and release Windows 8 for general availability on the next day.[25] However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (produced for European markets) leaked to the web and several days later there were Pro and Enterprise leaks both x86 and x64.[26][27] On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for MSDN and TechNet subscribers.[28] Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012.[29] Windows 8 was made available for student downloads (with a DreamSpark Premium subscription) on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.[30]

Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version: New backgrounds for desktop, lock screen and start screen, as well as a tutorial are added. Windows Explorer is now called File Explorer. Finally, the start screen and included apps are slightly tweaked.[31]

File:Windows 8 Pro RTM Build 9200 Start Screen.png
The start screen of the final build 9200 release of Windows 8.
This file may be deleted after Thursday, 18 October 2012.

New features

Main article: Features new to Windows 8

Desktop and shell

Windows 8 employs a new user interface based on Microsoft's Metro design language. The environment features a new tile-based Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone, which has replaced the previous Start menu entirely. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles".[5] As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen.[5]

A vertical toolbar known as the charms bar (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provide access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button. The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the new Start screen. The Start button from previous versions of Windows has been removed from the taskbar in favor of a hotspot in the bottom-left corner (but can still be activated via a button on the device if applicable, or on the charms bar).[32][33]

Apps and the desktop can be switched between by either swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen, clicking in the top-left corner of the screen, using Alt+Tab, or by pointing in the top-left corner and moving the cursor down to reveal a thumbnail list of active apps.[33]

Apps

File:Windows 8 release preview snapped apps.png
A music app for Windows 8, shown snapped like a sidebar to the Windows Desktop

Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, Windows Store apps; according to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and have smaller scope in relation to desktop applications. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be docked directly to the side of a screen.[5] They can provide notifications and a "live tile" on the Start screen for dynamic content. Apps can use "contracts"; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, such as search and sharing.[5] These apps are primarily distributed and updated through its namesake Windows Store, a new distribution platform.[34][35]

The apps run within a new set of APIs known as the Windows Runtime, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, VB.NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript.[5] Depending on the language used, apps written for Windows Runtime can be cross-compatible with both Intel-compatible and ARM versions of Windows.[35]

To ensure stability and security, they run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.[34] Retail versions of Windows 8 will only be able to install these apps through Windows Store; the enterprise version will allow system administrators to deploy internally-developed apps.[36][34]

Windows Store apps were originally known as "Metro-style apps" during the development of Windows 8. The term was reportedly phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be phased out prior to Windows 8's release.[37] Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps",[38] "Windows 8-style apps"[39] and "Windows Store apps" began to be used to refer to the new apps. On September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) officially confirmed in an interview that they would be known as "Windows Store apps".[40]

Integration with online services

Windows 8 provides heavier integration with Microsoft's online services. Users can now log in with a Microsoft account (formally known as a Windows Live ID), which can allow for various user settings to be synchronized between multiple computers. Windows 8 ships with an app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service as well, and allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately.[41] Windows 8 includes integration with Xbox Live, including Xbox-branded apps for games, music and video, and the SmartGlass app which can serve as a companion for content on a Xbox 360 video game console.[42] Apps can integrate with online services; the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services, while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.[43]

Other features

Bootable Windows To Go USB flash drive

Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app. The latter does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage and works only on sites included on a whitelist.[44]

It is now possible to log into Windows using a Microsoft account (formerly known as a Windows Live ID). This allows the user's profile and settings to be synchronized over the Internet and accessible from other computers running Windows 8, as well as integration with SkyDrive.[45] Two new authentication methods have been added: picture password, which allows users to log in by drawing three gestures in different places on a picture,[46][47] and PIN log in, which allows users to authenticate using a four digit pin.[48] *A new lock screen displays a clock and notifications while the computer is locked.[49]

File Explorer (formerly, Windows Explorer) now includes a ribbon. File operation dialogs have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files.[50] Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.[51]

Hybrid Boot uses hibernation technology to allow faster startup times by saving the Windows core's memory to the hard disk and reloading it upon boot.[52][53][54] Windows To Go allows Windows 8 Enterprise to boot and run from a bootable USB device (such as a flash drive).[55][56] Two new recovery functions are included, Refresh and Reset. Refresh restores all Windows files to their original state while keeping settings, files, and apps, while reset takes the computer back to factory default condition.[57]

USB 3.0 is now supported natively.[58]

Task Manager has been redesigned in order to improve usability. Features include a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new 'Search the web'-context menu option which allows to search the web to find information about obscure processes. [59]

Xbox Live integration (including Xbox Live Arcade, Xbox SmartGlass, Xbox Music, and Xbox Video)[60]

Family Safety is intended to allow parents to protect their children on the Internet, as well as monitor and control their PC and Internet activities and usage.[61][62][63] Windows Defender now has anti-virus capabilities, similar to those of Microsoft Security Essentials. It is intended to replace the Security Essentials package and functions as the default anti-virus program.[64]

Removed features

Main article: List of features removed in Windows 8

Hardware requirements

PCs

The minimum system requirements for Windows 8 are slightly higher than those of Windows 7.[72]

Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 8 Enterprise edition
Architecture IA-32 (32-bit) x86-64 (64-bit)
Processor 1 GHz (with PAE, NX and SSE2 support)[73]
Memory (RAM) 1 GB 2 GB
Graphics Card DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
Storage 20 GB

To run Windows Store apps, a screen resolution of 1024×768 or higher is required. A minimum resolution of 1366×768 is required to run their snapping feature.[74] To receive logo certification, Microsoft requires that an Intel-compatible system resume from standby in 2 seconds or less.[75]

Windows 8 may be run on Hyper-V, VMware Workstation 8.0.2 for Windows, VirtualBox 4.1.8 for Windows, Parallels Workstation 6 for Windows, Parallels Desktop 4 for Windows, and XenDesktop 5.5. It cannot be run on Microsoft Virtual PC, Windows Virtual PC, Microsoft Virtual Server and VMware Workstation v7.x or earlier.[76]

Tablets and convertibles

Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for new tablet and convertible devices designed for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism.[77][78]

Hardware certification requirements for Windows tablets[79]
Graphics Card DirectX 10 graphics device with WDDM 1.2 or higher driver
Storage 10GB free space, after the out-of-box experience completes
Standard buttons 'Power', 'Rotation lock', 'Windows Key', 'Volume-up', 'Volume-down'
Screen Touch screen supporting a minimum of 5-point digitizers and resolution of at least 1366x768. The physical dimensions of the display panel must match the aspect ratio of the native resolution. The native resolution of the panel can be greater than 1366 (horizontally) and 768 (vertically). Minimum native color depth is 32-bits.
Camera Minimum 720p
Ambient light sensor 1–30k lux capable with dynamic range of 5–60K
Accelerometer 3 axes with data rates at or above 50 Hz
USB 2.0 At least one controller and exposed port.
Connect Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.0 + LE (low energy)
Other Speaker, microphone, magnetometer and gyroscope.

If a mobile broadband device is integrated into a tablet or convertible system, then an assisted GPS radio is required. Devices supporting near field communication need to have visual marks to help users locate and use the proximity technology. The new button combination for Ctrl + Alt + Del is Windows Key + Power.

Secure boot

See also: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface § Secure boot, and Hardware restrictions § Windows 8

Secure boot is a feature of UEFI that can verify the integrity of operating system files using public-key cryptography, preventing unauthorized programs from running at boot time.[80] Support for this feature in Windows 8, however, has proven controversial.[81][82][83][84]

Hardware makers who choose the optional Microsoft Certification are required to implement UEFI secure boot. Microsoft requires that manufacturers offer the ability to turn off the secure boot feature on x86 hardware,[85] but they must not offer such an option on ARM hardware. No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative software.[86][87][88]

In September 2011, Matthew Garrett, an employee of competitor Red Hat, raised the concern of Microsoft possibly locking out alternative systems,[89] leading to media coverage.[90][91][92][93] Microsoft addressed the issue in a blog post,[94] stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft’s philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves",[95] with the promise that disabling SecureBoot on Windows 8 devices would be possible.[94][96] In January 2012, Microsoft released certification requirements, specifying that Windows 8 (non-ARM) devices must have "the ability to disable Secure Boot", whereas for Windows RT (ARM) devices, disabling Secure Boot "must not be possible."[83][85][97][98][99] By prohibiting Windows RT systems from allowing the user to disable Secure Boot, Microsoft raised concerns,[100][101][102] particularly in the Linux community, who are concerned that this marks an attempt by Microsoft to exclude competing operating systems from Windows RT computers.[103][104][105]

Fedora Linux has resolved this issue by purchasing a security key from VeriSign for US$99.[106][107] The Free Software Foundation has commented on the issue,[108][109] covering the use of GRUB and both Ubuntu and Fedora's approaches.[110]

Software compatibility

File:BSoD in Windows 8.png
BSOD in Windows 8

Windows 8 for IA-32 and x64 processors runs most software compatible with previous versions of Windows, with the same restrictions as Windows 7: 64-bit Windows 8 runs 64-bit and 32-bit software while 32-bit Windows 8 will be able to run 32-bit and 16-bit software (although some 16-bit software may require compatibility settings to be applied, or not work at all).

Windows RT, a version of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure the quality of apps available on ARM. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications.[111] Windows Store apps can either be cross-compatible between Windows 8 and Windows RT, or compiled to support a specific architecture.[112]

Editions

Main article: Windows 8 editions

Windows 8 is available in four editions; the two main editions available for retail sale are simply Windows 8 (which is intended for mainstream consumers) and Windows 8 Pro (which contains additional features aimed towards power users and enthusiasts).[113] Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing.[113] Windows Media Center will no longer be included by default in any edition of Windows 8, but will still be available for purchase as an add-on for Windows 8 Pro.[114] Windows RT will only be made available as pre-loaded software on new ARM-based devices built specifically for the OS.[113]

Users will be able to purchase an upgrade to Windows 8 online (using a download that can be optionally burned to a DVD), or through boxed copies at retail on DVD. Microsoft will offer upgrades from previous versions of Windows to Windows 8 Pro at a discounted price of $39.99 USD ($69.99 at retail) from its launch until January 31, 2013.[115][116] Windows 8's initial pricing is notably lower than the regular retail prices for past versions of Windows.[114]

Microsoft will offer an upgrade program for those purchasing new PCs with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate pre-loaded between June 2, 2012, and January 31, 2013—in which users will be able to digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for $14.99 USD.[117] The Windows Media Center add-on will be offered for free through this offer.[114] Several PC manufacturers have offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the program on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models).[118] [119]

On February 18, 2012, Microsoft confirmed that in Windows 8 the Windows logo will be significantly updated to reflect the new Metro design language. The logo was designed by Pentagram partner Paula Scher. The formerly flag-shaped logo has been transformed into four window panes, perspective was added, and the entire logo will be rendered in a single solid color, which will depend on the user's personalization changes.[120]

See also

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