William I, German Emperor
William I | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
William in 1884 | |||||
German Emperor | |||||
Reign | 18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888 | ||||
Proclamation | 18 January 1871, Versailles | ||||
Predecessor | Monarchy established | ||||
Successor | Frederick III | ||||
Chancellor | Otto von Bismarck | ||||
King of Prussia | |||||
Reign | 2 January 1861 – 9 March 1888 | ||||
Coronation | 18 October 1861 | ||||
Predecessor | Frederick William IV | ||||
Successor | Frederick III | ||||
Prime Ministers | |||||
Holder of the Bundespräsidium of the North German Confederation[1] | |||||
In office | 1 July 1867 – 31 December 1870 | ||||
Chancellor | Otto von Bismarck | ||||
Born | 22 March 1797 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire | ||||
Died | 9 March 1888 Berlin, German Empire | (aged 90)||||
Burial | 16 March 1888 | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue | |||||
| |||||
House | Hohenzollern | ||||
Father | Frederick William III of Prussia | ||||
Mother | Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | ||||
Religion | Lutheran (Prussian United) | ||||
Signature | ![]() |
Prussian Royalty |
House of Hohenzollern |
---|
![]() |
William I |
William I or Wilhelm I[2] (German: Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888) of the House of Hohenzollern was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and the first German emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death. William was the first head of state of a united Germany, and was also de facto head of state of Prussia from 1858 to 1861, serving as regent for his brother, Frederick William IV.
Under the leadership of William and his minister president Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. Despite his long support of Bismarck as Minister President, William held strong reservations about some of Bismarck's more reactionary policies, including his anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates. In contrast to the domineering Bismarck, William was described as polite, gentlemanly and, while staunchly conservative, more open to certain classical liberal ideas than his grandson Wilhelm II, during whose reign he was known as Wilhelm the Great.
Early life and military career
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carl_Steffeck_-_K%C3%B6nigin_Luise_mit_ihren_S%C3%B6hnen_im_Park_von_Luisenwahl_%281886%29.jpg/170px-Carl_Steffeck_-_K%C3%B6nigin_Luise_mit_ihren_S%C3%B6hnen_im_Park_von_Luisenwahl_%281886%29.jpg)
The future king and emperor was born William Frederick Louis of Prussia (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Preußen) in the Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin on 22 March 1797. As the second son of Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Prince Frederick William, himself son of King Frederick William II, William was not expected to ascend to the throne. His grandfather died the year he was born, at age 53, in 1797, and his father Frederick William III became king. He was educated from 1801 to 1809 by Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Delbrück , who was also in charge of the education of William's brother, the Crown Prince Frederick William. At age twelve, his father appointed him an officer in the Prussian army.[3] The year 1806 saw the defeat of Prussia by France and the end of the Holy Roman Empire.
William served in the army from 1814 onward. Like his father he fought against Napoleon I of France during the part of the Napoleonic Wars known in Germany as the Befreiungskriege ("Wars of Liberation", otherwise known as the War of the Sixth Coalition), and was reportedly a very brave soldier. He was made a captain (Hauptmann) and won the Iron Cross for his actions at Bar-sur-Aube. The war and the fight against France left a lifelong impression on him, and he had a long-standing antipathy towards the French.[3]
In 1815, William was promoted to major and commanded a battalion of the 1. Garderegiment. He fought under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battles of Ligny and Waterloo.[3] He became a diplomat, engaging in diplomatic missions after 1815.[citation needed] William was a brother of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (née Charlotte of Prussia). In 1817 he accompanied his sister to Saint Petersburg when she married Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.[4]
In 1816, William became the commander of the Stettiner Gardelandwehrbataillon and in 1818 was promoted to Generalmajor. The next year, William was appointed inspector of the VII. and VIII. Army Corps. This made him a spokesman of the Prussian Army within the House of Hohenzollern. He argued in favour of a strong, well-trained and well-equipped army. In 1820, William became commander of the 1. Gardedivision and in 1825 was promoted to commanding general of the III. Army Corps.[3]
In 1826 William was forced to abandon a relationship with Polish noblewoman Elisa Radziwill, his cousin whom he had been attracted to, when it was deemed an inappropriate match by his father. It is alleged that Elisa had an illegitimate daughter by William who was brought up by Joseph and Caroline Kroll, owners of the Kroll Opera House in Berlin, and was given the name Agnes Kroll. She married a Carl Friedrich Ludwig Dettman (known as "Louis") and emigrated to Sydney, Australia, in 1849. They had a family of three sons and two daughters. Agnes died in 1904.[5]
In 1829, William married Princess Augusta, the daughter of Grand Duke Karl Friedrich of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Maria Pavlovna, the sister of Nicholas I. Their marriage was outwardly stable, but not a very happy one.[6]
In 1840 his older brother became King of Prussia. Since he had no children, William was first in line to succeed him to the throne and thus was given the title Prinz von Preußen.[3] Against his convictions but out of loyalty towards his brother, William signed the bill setting up a Prussian parliament (Vereinigter Landtag) in 1847 and took a seat in the upper chamber, the Herrenhaus.[3]
During the Revolutions of 1848, William successfully crushed a revolt in Berlin that was aimed at Frederick William IV. The use of cannons made him unpopular at the time and earned him the nickname Kartätschenprinz (Prince of Grapeshot). Indeed, he had to flee to England for a while, disguised as a merchant. He returned and helped to put down an uprising in Baden, where he commanded the Prussian army. In October 1849, he became governor-general of Rhineland and Westfalia, with a seat at the Electoral Palace in Koblenz.[3][6]
During their time at Koblenz, William and his wife entertained liberal scholars such as the historian Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker, August von Bethmann-Hollweg and Clemens Theodor Perthes . William's opposition to liberal ideas gradually softened.[3]
In 1854, the prince was raised to the rank of a field-marshal and made governor of the federal fortress of Mainz.[7] In 1857 Frederick William IV suffered a stroke and became mentally disabled for the rest of his life. In January 1858, William became Prince Regent for his brother, initially only temporarily but after October on a permanent basis. Against the advice of his brother, William swore an oath of office on the Prussian constitution and promised to preserve it "solid and inviolable". William appointed a liberal, Karl Anton von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, as Minister President and thus initiated what became known as the "New Era" in Prussia, although there were conflicts between William and the liberal majority in the Landtag on matters of reforming the armed forces.[3]
King
On 2 January 1861, Frederick William IV died and William ascended the throne as William I of Prussia. In July, a student from Leipzig attempted to assassinate William, but he was only lightly injured.[3] Like Frederick I of Prussia, William travelled to Königsberg and there crowned himself at the Schlosskirche.[6] William chose the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig, 18 October, for this event, which was the first Prussian crowning ceremony since 1701 and the only crowning of a German king in the 19th century.[3] William refused to comply with his brother's wish, expressed in Frederick William's last will, that he should abrogate the constitution.[3]
William inherited a conflict between Frederick William and the liberal Landtag. He was considered to be politically neutral as he intervened less in politics than his brother. In 1862 the Landtag refused an increase in the military budget needed to pay for the already implemented reform of the army. This involved raising the peacetime army from 150,000 to 200,000 men and boost the annual number of new recruits from 40,000 to 63,000. However, the truly controversial part was the plan to keep the length of military service (raised in 1856 from two years) at three years.[8] When his request, backed by his Minister of War Albrecht von Roon was refused, William first considered abdicating, but his son, the Crown Prince, advised strongly against it.[8] Then, on the advice of Roon, William appointed Otto von Bismarck to the office of Minister President in order to force through the proposals.[3] According to the Prussian constitution, the Minister President was responsible solely to the king, not to the Landtag. Bismarck, a conservative Prussian Junker and loyal friend of the king, liked to see his working relationship with William as that of a vassal to his feudal superior. Nonetheless, it was Bismarck who effectively directed the politics, domestic as well as foreign; on several occasions he gained William's assent by threatening to resign.[9]
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/260px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg)
During his reign, William was the commander-in-chief of the Prussian forces in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864 and the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. After the latter was won by Prussia, William wanted to march on to Vienna and annex Austria, but was dissuaded from doing so by Bismarck and Crown Prince Frederick.[3] Bismarck wanted to end the war quickly, so as to allow Prussia to ally with Austria if it needed to at a later date; Frederick was also appalled by the casualties and wanted a speedy end to hostilities. During a heated discussion, Bismarck threatened to resign if William continued to Vienna; Bismarck got his way. William had to content himself with becoming the de facto ruler of the northern two-thirds of Germany. Prussia annexed several of Austria's allies north of the Main, as well as Schleswig-Holstein. It also forced Saxe-Lauenburg into a personal union with Prussia (which became a full union in 1878).
In 1867, the North German Confederation was created as a federation (federally organised state) of the North German and Central German states under the permanent presidency of Prussia. William assumed the Bundespräsidium, the presidium of the Confederation; the post was a hereditary office of the Prussian crown. Not expressis verbis, but in function he was the head of state. Bismarck intentionally avoided a title such as Präsident as it sounded too republican.[10] William became also the constitutional Bundesfeldherr, the commander of all federal armed forces. Via treaties with the South German states, he also became commander of their armies in times of war. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, William was in command of all the German forces at the crucial Battle of Sedan.[3]
German Emperor
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kaiser-wilhelm-I.jpg/220px-Kaiser-wilhelm-I.jpg)
During the Franco-Prussian War, the South German states joined the North German Confederation. The country was renamed Deutsches Reich (the German Empire), and the title of Bundespräsidium was amended with the title Deutscher Kaiser (German Emperor). This was decided on by the legislative organs, the Reichstag and Bundesrat, and William agreed to this on 18 December in the presence of a Reichstag delegation. The new constitution and the title of Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871.[11]
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg)
William, however, hesitated to accept the constitutional title, as he feared that it would overshadow his own title as King of Prussia. He also wanted it to be Kaiser von Deutschland ("Emperor of Germany"), but Bismarck warned him that the South German princes and the Emperor of Austria might protest.[12][13] William eventually—though grudgingly—relented and on 18 January, in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, he was proclaimed Kaiser Wilhelm. The date was chosen as the coronation date of the first Prussian king in 1701. In the national memory, 18 January became the day of the foundation of the Empire (Reichsgründungstag), although it did not have a constitutional significance.[13]
To many intellectuals, the coronation of William was associated with the restoration of the Holy Roman Empire. Felix Dahn wrote a poem, "Macte senex Imperator" (Hail thee, old emperor) in which he nicknamed William Barbablanca (whitebeard), a play on the name of the medieval emperor Frederick Barbarossa (redbeard). According to the King asleep in mountain legend, Barbarossa slept under the Kyffhäuser mountain until Germany had need of him. William I was thus portrayed as a second coming of Barbarossa. The Kyffhäuser Monument portrays both emperors.[14]
In 1872 he arbitrated a boundary dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States, deciding in favor of the U.S. and placing the San Juan Islands of Washington State within U.S. national territory, thus ending the 12-year bloodless Pig War.[15]
In his memoirs, Bismarck describes William as an old-fashioned, courteous, infallibly polite gentleman and a genuine Prussian officer, whose good common sense was occasionally undermined by "female influences". This was a reference to William's wife, who had been educated by, among others Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and was intellectually superior to her husband. She was also at times very outspoken in her opposition to official policies as she was a liberal.[6] William, however, had long been strongly opposed to liberal ideas.[3] Despite possessing considerable power as Kaiser, William left the task of governing mostly to his chancellor, limiting himself to representing the state and approving Bismarck's every policy.[3] In private he once remarked on his relationship with Bismarck: It is difficult to be emperor under such a chancellor.[16][17]
Assassination attempts and Anti-Socialist laws
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Caricature_of_Wilhelm_I_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg/220px-Caricature_of_Wilhelm_I_by_Thomas_Nast.jpg)
On 11 May 1878, a plumber named Emil Max Hödel failed in an assassination attempt on William in Berlin. Hödel used a revolver to shoot at the then 81-year-old Emperor, while he and his daughter, Princess Louise, paraded in their carriage on Unter den Linden.[3] When the bullet missed, Hödel ran across the street and fired another round which also missed. In the commotion one of the individuals who tried to apprehend Hödel suffered severe internal injuries and died two days later. Hödel was seized immediately. He was tried, convicted, sentenced to death, and executed on 16 August 1878.[18]
A second attempt to assassinate William I was made on 2 June 1878 by Dr. Karl Nobiling. As the Emperor drove past in an open carriage, the assassin fired two shots from a shotgun at him from the window of a house off the Unter den Linden.[3] William was severely wounded and was rushed back to the palace. Nobiling shot himself in an attempt to commit suicide. While William survived this attack, the assassin died from his self-inflicted wound three months later.[citation needed]
Despite the fact that Hödel had been expelled from the Social Democratic Party, his actions were used as a pretext by Bismarck to ban the party. To do this, Bismarck partnered with Ludwig Bamberger, a Liberal, who had written on the subject of Socialism, "If I don't want any chickens, then I must smash the eggs." These attempts on William's life thus became the pretext for the institution of the Anti-Socialist Law, which was introduced by Bismarck's government with the support of a majority in the Reichstag on 18 October 1878, for the purpose of fighting the socialist and working-class movement. These laws deprived the Social Democratic Party of Germany of its legal status; prohibited all organizations, workers’ mass organizations and the socialist and workers’ press; decreed confiscation of socialist literature; and subjected Social-Democrats to reprisals. The laws were extended every 2–3 years. Despite the reprisals the Social Democratic Party increased its influence among the masses. Under pressure of the mass working-class movement the laws were repealed on 1 October 1890.[citation needed][19]
Later years and death
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Beisetzung_von_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I_1888_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Beisetzung_von_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I_1888_-_cropped.jpg)
In August 1878, Russian Tsar Alexander II, William's nephew, wrote a letter (known as Ohrfeigenbrief) to him complaining about the treatment Russian interests had received at the Congress of Berlin. In response William, his wife Augusta, and his son the crown prince travelled to Russia (against the advice of Bismarck) to mend fences in face-to-face talks. However, by once again threatening to resign, Bismarck overcame the opposition of William to a closer alliance with Austria. In October, William agreed to the Dual Alliance (Zweibund) between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was directed against Russia.[3]
Another assassination attempt failed on 18 September 1883 when William unveiled the Niederwalddenkmal in Rüdesheim. A group of anarchists had prepared an attack using dynamite which failed due to the wet weather.[3]
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Wilhelm10mark.jpeg/220px-Wilhelm10mark.jpeg)
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 organized by Otto von Bismarck can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. Claiming much of the left-over territories in Africa and Oceania that were yet unclaimed, Germany managed to build the large German colonial empire.[20]
Despite the assassination attempts and William's unpopular role in the 1848 uprising, he and his wife were very popular, especially in their later years. Many people considered them the personification of "the old Prussia" and liked their austere and simple lifestyle.[3][6] William died on 9 March 1888 in Berlin after a short illness. He was buried on 16 March at the Mausoleum at Park Charlottenburg.
To honour him a large number of memorials/statues were erected all over the country over the following years. The best-known among them are the Kyffhäuser monument (1890–96) in Thuringia, the monument at Porta Westfalica (1896) and the mounted statue of William at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz (1897). The statue next to the Stadtschloss, Berlin (1898) was melted down by the government of East Berlin in 1950.[3]
From 1867 to 1918 more than 1,000 memorials to William I were constructed.[citation needed]
Issue
William and Augusta of Saxe-Weimar had two children:
Image | Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia | 18 October 1831 | 15 June 1888 | (aged 56)married (25 January 1858) Victoria, Princess Royal (1840–1901); eight children. |
Princess Louise of Prussia | 3 December 1838 | 23 April 1923 | (aged 84)married (20 September 1856) Prince Frederick of Baden (1826–1907); three children. |
Religion
William was a Lutheran member of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. It was a United Protestant denomination, bringing together Reformed and Lutheran believers.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Imperial_Monogram_of_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I.svg/170px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Kaiser_Wilhelm_I.svg.png)
Titles and styles
His full title as king of Prussia was William, by the Grace of God, King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and Supreme Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, of Westphalia, of Angria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, of Bremen, of Guelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, Duke of the Wends and the Kassubes, of Crossen, Lauenburg and Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Prince of Orange; Prince of Rügen, of East Friesland, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Cammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of Mark, of Ravensberg, of Hohenstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen; Lord of Frankfurt.[21]
Honours
German decorations[22]
- Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 1 January 1807;[23] with Collar, 1815
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, with Swords
- Pour le Mérite (military), 27 July 1849; with Oak Leaves, 4 August 1866; Grand Cross, 11 November 1866[24]
- Grand Commander of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, with Collar
- Iron Cross, 2nd Class, 1813; 1st Class, 1870; Grand Cross, 16 June 1871
- Founder of the Order of the Prussian Crown, 18 October 1861[25]
- Founder of the Military Merit Cross, 27 February 1864[26]
- Founder of the Duppel Storm Cross, 18 October 1864[27]
- Founder of the Cross of Merit for Women and Girls, 22 March 1871[28]
- Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 31 May 1841[29]
- Baden:[30]
- Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1836
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1836
- Grand Cross of the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order, 1849
- Kingdom of Bavaria:
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1842[31]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph
- Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, May 1846[32]
- Kingdom of Hanover:[33]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1826
- Knight of St. George, 1840
- Hesse-Darmstadt:[34]
- Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 27 June 1838
- Grand Cross of Philip the Magnanimous, with Swords, 4 November 1849
- Military Merit Cross, 15 March 1871
- Hesse-Kassel: Knight of the Golden Lion, 5 September 1841[35]
- Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Military Merit Cross, 1st Class
- Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, May 1858[36]
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 16 May 1850; with Swords, 31 December 1870[37]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 24 December 1828;[38] with Swords, 1870[39]
- Kingdom of Saxony:
- Knight of the Rue Crown, 1840[40]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Henry, 1870[41]
- Württemberg:[42]
- Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1836
- Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, 12 September 1870
- Austrian Empire:
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1835[44]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 27 April 1851[45]
- Empire of Brazil:
- Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
- Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I
- Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 27 February 1841[46]
- French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 14 May 1857[47]
- Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
- Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1876[48]
- Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 8 April 1879[49]
- Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865[50]
- Netherlands:
- Grand Cross of the Military William Order
- Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
- Kingdom of Portugal:
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
- Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders
- Russian Empire:
- Knight of St. George, 4th Class, 3 August 1814;[51] 1st Class, 26 November 1869[52]
- Knight of St. Andrew, 20 June 1817[53]
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 20 June 1817
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 20 June 1817[54]
- Knight of St. Vladimir, 1st Class, 30 August 1834[55]
- Kingdom of Poland: Knight of the White Eagle, 1829
- Kingdom of Sardinia:
- Knight of the Annunciation, 3 September 1850[56]
- Gold Medal of Military Valor, 1866[57]
- Principality of Serbia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo[58]
- Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1 September 1887[59]
- Spain:
- Sweden-Norway:
- Knight of the Seraphim, 8 January 1847[62]
- Knight of the Order of Charles XIII, 1 December 1853[63]
- Two Sicilies:
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland:
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (military), 1 January 1857[64]
- Stranger Knight of the Garter, 12 April 1861[65]
Ancestry
See also
References
- ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3. Auflage, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, p. 657.
- ^ Fulbrook, Mary (2004). A Concise History of Germany, 2nd edition, 2004, Cambridge University Press, p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-54071-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Biografie Wilhelm I (German)". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ Lincoln, Nicholas I Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, p. 66
- ^ B. Dettman and J. Stevens (2017), "Agnes the Secret Princess – An Australian Story".
- ^ a b c d e Feldhahn, Ulrich (2011). Die preußischen Könige und Kaiser (German). Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-3-89870-615-5.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 665–667.
- ^ a b Oster, Uwe A. "Friedrich III. – Der 99-Tage-Kaiser". Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3/2013. pp. 60–65. ISSN 0011-5908.
- ^ Munroe Smith (1898). Bismarck and German Unity: A Historical Outline. Macmillan. pp. 80–81.
- ^ Michael Kotulla: Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. Vol. 1: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden, Berlin 2006, p. 211.
- ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, pp. 750/751.
- ^ William Dawson (14 July 2017). History of the German Empire. Merkaba Press. p. 355.
- ^ a b Ernst Rudolf Huber: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, p. 750-753.
- ^ John B. Freed, Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth (Yale University Press, 2016), p. 631n.
- ^ Mike Vouri (2013). The Pig War: Standoff at Griffin Bay. pp. 248–50. ISBN 9780914019626.
- ^ S. von Zurlinden. "Der Weltkrieg: Vorläufige Orientierung von einem Schweizerischen Standpunkt aus". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ Ludwig Bamberger (2 November 2016). Bismarck posthumus p. 8. Hansebooks. ISBN 978-3-7433-8831-4.
- ^ Hödel, Max. In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 4th edition. Volume 8, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Vienna 1885–1892, p. 603–603. (in German)
- ^ Friedrich Darmstaedter (1948). Bismarck and the creation of the Second Reich, by F. Darmstaedter – pp. xiv, xvii. Russell & Russell.
- ^ Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee, von Matthias Heine "Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich[...]"
- ^ Rudolf Graf v. Stillfried: Die Titel und Wappen des preußischen Königshauses. Berlin 1875.
- ^ a b Königlich Preußischer Staats-Kalender für das Jahr 1859, Genealogy p. 1
- ^ Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" p. 15
- ^ Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 [The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. p. 423.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Preußen (1881/82), "Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 42
- ^ Patzwall, Klaus D. (1986). Das preußische Goldene Militär-Verdienstkreuz (in German). ISBN 3931533158.
- ^ "PRUSSIA. Duppel Storm Cross on ribbon for Reserve Troops (PREUSSEN. Düppeler Sturmkreuz am Band für Reservetruppen), 1865". Medal-Medaille.com. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ "Verdienstkreuz für Frauen und Jungfrauen 1871". Ordensmuseum.de. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 16
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 58, 63, 73
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1847), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 27
- ^ Staat Hannover (1857). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1857. Berenberg. pp. 32, 63.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" pp. 10, 47, 130
- ^ Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1856. Waisenhaus. 1856. p. 11.
- ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 7
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 30
- ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1830), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 7
- ^ Staatshandbuch ... Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1885), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
- ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
- ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1873. Heinrich. 1873. p. 35.
- ^ Württemberg (1873). Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Württemberg: 1873. pp. 31, 70.
- ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1885), "Genealogie", p. 7
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: St. Stephans-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1887, p. 128, retrieved 15 September 2020
- ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. p. 37.
- ^ Johann Heinrich Friedrich Berlien (1846). Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter: eine historische Abhandlung über die ersten Spuren dieses Ordens und dessen fernere Entwicklung bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Gestalt, und nächstdem ein Material zur Personalhistorie, nach den Quellen des Königlichen Geheimen-Staatsarchivs und des Königlichen Ordenskapitelsarchivs zu Kopenhagen. Gedruckt in der Berlingschen Officin. p. 176.
- ^ M. & B. Wattel. (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 509. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ "The Royal Order of Kamehameha". crownofhawaii.com. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
- ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020
- ^ Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 144.
- ^ V. M. Shabanov (2004). Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George: A Nominal List, 1769–1920. Moscow. ISBN 5-89577-059-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699-1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714-1917). Moscow.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Knights of the Order of Saint Anna". List of Knights of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders (in Russian). Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery. 1850. p. 96.
- ^ "Knights of the Order of Saint Prince Vladimir". List of Knights of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders (in Russian). Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery. 1850. p. 54.
- ^ Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 113. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ "Hohenzollern Re di Prussia Guglielmo I" (in Italian), Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 364.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (1 September 1887). "ข่าวพระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ กรมหลวงเทวะวงษวโรปการ ข่าวการเชิญพระราชสาสน์ถวายแด่กษัตริย์ประเทศต่าง ๆ ในยุโรป" (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 8 May 2019.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 146. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ "Caballeros Grandes Cruces: Real y militar Orden de San Fernando". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 387. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1877, p. 368, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
- ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 630.
- ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 192
- ^ Shaw, p. 61
- ^ a b Haussherr, Hans (1961), "Friedrich Wilhelm III", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 560–563; (full text online)
- ^ a b Backs, Silvia (1987), "Luise", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 15, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 500–502; (full text online)
- ^ a b Haussherr, Hans (1961), "Friedrich Wilhelm II", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 558–560; (full text online)
- ^ a b Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 69.
- ^ a b Genealogie ascendate, p. 84
- ^ a b Genealogie ascendate, p. 70
Further reading
- De Graaf, Beatrice. "Second-tier Diplomacy: Hans von Gagern and William I in their Quest for an Alternative European Order, 1813–1818." Journal of Modern European History 12.4 (2014): 546–566.
- Forbes, Archibald. William of Germany: A Succinct Biography of William I., German Emperor and King of Prussia. (Cassell, 1888) online.
- Hughes, Michael L. "Splendid Demonstrations: The Political Funerals of Kaiser Wilhelm I and Wilhelm Liebknecht." Central European History 41.2 (2008): 229–253.
- Röhl John C. G. Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's Early Life, 1859–1888 (1998) online
- Scully, Richard. "The Other Kaiser: Wilhelm I and British Cartoonists, 1861–1914." Victorian Periodicals Review 44.1 (2011): 69–98. online
- Sterkenburgh, Frederik Frank. "William I and monarchical rule in Imperial Germany". Diss. University of Warwick, 2017. online
- Steinberg, Jonathan. Bismarck: A Life (2011)
- Christian Schwochert: Kaiser Wilhelm I, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-1-5118-8283-5
External links
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- Archontology.org – William I
- Webpage of the House of Hohenzollern (in German)
- Template:Worldcat id
- Newspaper clippings about William I, German Emperor in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Texts on Wikisource:
- Carl Schurz, Kaiser Wilhelm I, 1888
- German emperors
- Kings of Prussia
- 1797 births
- 1888 deaths
- 19th-century German emperors
- 19th-century Kings of Prussia
- Colonel generals of Prussia
- Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg
- Protestant monarchs
- Regents of Prussia
- German people of the Franco-Prussian War
- German Protestants
- House of Hohenzollern
- Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
- Military personnel from Berlin
- Burials at the Charlottenburg Palace Park Mausoleum, Berlin
- German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
- 1860s in Prussia
- 1870s in Germany
- 1870s in Prussia
- 1880s in Germany
- 1880s in Prussia
- 19th-century German people
- 19th-century Prussian military personnel
- Shooting survivors
- German Freemasons
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Red Eagle
- Grand Commanders of the House Order of Hohenzollern
- Knights of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
- Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion
- Grand crosses of the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order
- Knights of the Order of Saint Hubert
- Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
- Grand Crosses of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
- Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
- Knights Grand Cross of the Ludwigsorden
- Recipients of the Order of Philip the Magnanimous
- Recipients of the House Order of Hohenzollern, Honor Cross
- Knights of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
- Grand Crosses of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
- Grand Crosses of the Military Order of St. Henry
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (Württemberg)
- Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
- Grand Crosses of the Order of the Southern Cross
- Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
- Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I
- Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
- Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew
- Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
- Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
- Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree
- Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
- Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
- Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
- Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
- Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
- Recipients of the Order of the Redeemer
- Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 1st class
- Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
- House of Hesse-Kassel