Natural hydrogen

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Natural hydrogen (known as “white” hydrogen), is the naturally occurring hydrogen^[1] (as opposed to hydrogen produced in the laboratory or in industry). The name white hydrogen distinguishes from green hydrogen, which is produced from renewable energy sources, and from grey/brown/black hydrogen, which is obtained from fossil sources or from the electrolysis of water. Natural hydrogen is renewable, non-polluting and allows for lower cost operation compared to industrial hydrogen. ^[2] Natural hydrogen has been identified in many source rocks in areas beyond the sedimentary basins where oil companies typically operate. ^[3]

There are several sources of natural hydrogen:^[4]

• • degassing of deep hydrogen from the Earth's crust and mantle;
• • reaction of water with ultrabasic rocks (serpentinisation);
• • contact of water with reducing agents in the Earth's mantle;
• • interaction of water with freshly exposed rock surfaces;
• • decomposition of hydroxyls in the structure of minerals;
• • Natural radiolysis of water;
• • decomposition of organic matter;
• • biological activity

Natural hydrogen is extracted from wells, mixed with other gases such as nitrogen or helium.

Several sources have been identified in France. Geologists Alain Prinzhofer and Eric Derville have demonstrated the existence of large reservoirs in a dozen countries, including Mali and the United States. ^[5] However, their potential remains difficult to assess. ^[6]

Numerous emanations on the ocean floor have been identified but are difficult to exploit. The discovery of a significant emergence in Russia in 2008 suggests the possibility of extracting native hydrogen in geological environments.

Natural hydrogen is generated continuously from a variety of natural sources. There are many known hydrogen emergences on mid-ocean ridges. ^[7] Another of the known reactions, serpentinisation, occurs under the sea floor (in the oceanic crust).

Diagenetic origin (iron oxidation) in the sedimentary basins of cratons, notably in Russia. Other sources are being explored, such as mantle hydrogen, or hydrogen from radiolysis (natural electrolysis) or from bacterial activity. In France, the Alps and Pyrenees are suitable for exploitation. New Caledonia has hyperalkaline sources that show dihydrogen emissions. A large accumulation of natural hydrogen was discovered in Bourakebougou (Mali).^[8]

Dihydrogen is very soluble in fresh water, especially at depth (solubility increases with pressure).

Natural hydrogen causes no CO2 emissions. Exploitation is competitive with steam forming, especially in co-valorisation. ^[9]

Natural hydrogen plays an important role in geopolitics. Natural hydrogen does not require an energy-intensive forming process, compared to other energy production methods. Leakages (natural reserves) exceeds global consumption needs. ^[10]

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The current legal framework includes native hydrogen among the natural gases, for which legislation already exists, applied in particular by the United States.

When natural hydrogen is produced by water-rock interaction, such as by hot geothermal fluids, the Academy of Technologies proposes to classify it as green hydrogen.

Local production of native hydrogen eliminates long-distance transportation costs.

The UK is developing a pipeline network to transport native hydrogen.

On Mount Chimera (now Yanartaş, Turkey), dihydrogen has been escaping and burning continuously for over 2,500 years. These fires are said to be the source of the first Olympic flame.

• Lopez-Lazaro C., P. Bachau, I. Moretti, N. Ferrando, 2019, Hydrogen solubility in aqueous NaCl solutions : from molecular simulation to equation of state. BSGF, doi.ord/10.1051/bsgf/2019008
• Deville E., Prinzhofer A. The origin of N2-H2-CH4-rich natural gas seepages in ophiolitic context: a major and noble gases study of fluid seepages in New Caledonia. Chem Geol 2016;440:139e47 Gregory Paita, Master Thesis, Engie & Université de Montpellier.
• Moretti I., Pierre H. Pour la Science, special issue in partnership with Engie, vol. 485; 2018. p. 28. N march. Moretti I, D'Agostino A, Werly J, Ghost C, Defrenne D, Gorintin L. Pour la Science, special issue, march 2018, vol 485, 24 25XXII_XXVI.
• Prinzhofer, A., I. Moretti, J. Françolin, C. Pacheco, A. D’Agostino, J. Werly, F. Rupin, 2019, Natural hydrogen continuous emission from sedimentary basins: The example of a Brazilian H2-emitting structure, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.119
• N. V. Larin, V. Zgonnik, S. Rodina et al. Natural Molecular Hydrogen Seepage Associated with Surficial, Rounded Depressions on the European Craton in Russia. Natural Resources Research, 2015, 24, 369–383, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-014-9257-5
• V. Zgonnik, V. Beaumont, E. Deville et al. Evidence for natural molecular hydrogen seepage associated with Carolina bays (surficial, ovoid depressions on the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province of the USA). Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 2015 2, 2-31, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-015-0062-5
• A. Prinzhofer, C. S. Tahara Cissé, A. B. Diallo, Discovery of a large accumulation of natural hydrogen in Bourakebougou (Mali). International Journal for Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43, 19315–19326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193
• Zgonnik, The Occurrence and Geoscience of Natural Hydrogen: A Comprehensive Review. Earth-Science Reviews, 2020, 203, art. 103140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103140
• « Hydrogène naturel, la prochaine révolution énergétique ? » par Alain Prinzhofer et Eric Deville. Edition Belin, Paris, 2015.
• Synthèse scientifique récente par Viacheslav Zgonnik « The Occurrence and Geoscience of Natural Hydrogen: A Comprehensive Review » Earth-Science Reviews, 2020, 203, 103140 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825219304787
• « L’hydrogène naturel : curiosité géologique ou source d’énergie majeure dans le futur ? » par Isabelle Moretti dans Connaissance des Énergies. Mai 2020. https://www.connaissancedesenergies.org/tribune-actualite-energies/lhydrogene-naturel- curiosite-geologique-ou-source-denergie-majeure-dans-le-futur
• L’Edito par René Trégouët «L'hydrogène naturel pourrait devenir une véritable source d'énergie propre et inépuisable...». Juillet 2020. https://www.rtflash.fr/l-hydrogene-naturel- pourrait-devenir-veritable-source-d-energie-propre-et-inepuisable/article

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Category:Hydrogen