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Art Deco

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The art-deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York, built 1928–1930.
City Hall of Buffalo, New York, an art-deco building.

Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts and film. This movement was, in a sense, an amalgam of many different styles and movements of the early 20th century, including Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Art Nouveau, and Futurism.[1] Its popularity peaked in Europe during the Roaring Twenties[2] and continued strongly in the United States through the 1930s.[3] Although many design movements have political or philosophical roots or intentions, Art Deco was purely decorative.[4] At the time, this style was seen as elegant, functional, and modern. Art Deco experienced a decline in popularity during the late 30s and early 40s, and soon fell out of public favor. It experienced a resurgence with the advent of graphic design in the 1980s. Art Deco had a profound influence on many later artistic movements, such as Memphis and Pop art. Surviving examples may still be seen in many different locations worldwide, in countries as diverse as the United Kingdom, Cuba, the Phillipines, and Brazil. Many classic examples still exist in the form of architecture in many major cities. The Chrysler building, designed by William Van Alen, is a classic example of this, as it is one of the most notable examples of Art Deco architecture today.

History

After the Universal Exposition of 1900, various French artists formed an informal collective known as, La Société des artistes décorateurs (the society of the decorator artists). Founders included Hector Guimard, Eugène Grasset, Raoul Lachenal, Paul Follot, Maurice Dufrene, and Emile Decour. These artists heavily influenced the principles of Art Deco as a whole.[5] This society's purpose was to demonstrate French decorative art's leading position and evolution internationally. They organized the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Art) in Paris,[6] which would feature French art and business interests.[7][5] The terms Style Moderne and Art Deco both derive from the exposition's title,[3] though Art Deco was not widely used until popularized by art historian Bevis Hillier's 1968 book Art Deco of the 20s and 30s.[8]

In the summer of 1969, Hillier conceived organizing an exhibition called Art Deco at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts,[9] which took place from July to September 1971. After this event, interest in Art Deco peaked with the publication of his 1971 book The World of Art Deco, a record of the exhibition.[10]

Sources

The structure of Art Deco is based on mathematical geometric shapes.[11] It was widely considered to be an eclectic form of elegant and stylish modernism, being influenced by a variety of sources. Among them were the so-called "primitive" arts of Africa, Ancient Egypt,[11][12] and Aztec Mexico.[1] It also drew on machine-age or streamline technology,[13] such as modern aviation, electric lighting, the radio, the ocean liner and the skyscraper for inspiration.[1] It is in Streamline Moderne styles that this technology fully manifests itself and, although it is not antithetical to Art Deco, it is now considered to be a separate architectural style.[14]

Terra cotta sunburst design in gold behind sky blue and deep blue above the front doors of the Eastern Columbia Building in Los Angeles

Art Deco design influences were expressed in the crystalline and faceted forms of decorative Cubism and Futurism.[15][15] Other popular themes in Art Deco were trapezoidal, zigzagged, geometric, and jumbled shapes,[12][16] which can be seen in many early pieces. Two great examples of these themes and styles are in Detroit, Michigan: the Fisher Building and the Guardian Building.[17]

Attributes

Art Deco was an opulent style, and its lavishness is attributed to reaction to the forced austerity imposed by World War I. Its rich, festive character fitted it for "modern" contexts, including the Golden Gate Bridge, interiors of cinema theaters (a prime example being the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California) and ocean liners such as the Île de France, the Queen Mary, and Normandie. Art Deco was employed extensively throughout America's train stations in the 1930s,[18] designed to reflect the modernity and efficiency of the train. The first Art Deco train station in the United States was the Union Station in Omaha, Nebraska.[19] Art Deco made use of many distinctive styles, but one of the most significant of its features was its dependence upon a range of ornaments and motifs.[1] The style is said to have reflected the tensions in the cultural politics of its day, with eclecticism having been one of its defining features.[1][12] In the words of Scott Fitzgerald, the distinctive style of Art Deco was shaped by 'all the nervous energy stored up and expended in the War'.[1][20] Art Deco has been influenced in part by movements such as Cubism, Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism,[12] which 'are all evident in Art Deco decorative arts'.[5]

Materials and design

Art Deco is characterized by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer and inlaid wood.[11][6][12] Exotic materials such as sharkskin (shagreen), and zebraskin were also in evidence.[6][12][21][16] The bold use of stepped forms and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous, natural curves of the Art Nouveau),[22][11] chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif are typical of Art Deco. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous — for example, sunburst motifs were used in such varied contexts as ladies' shoes, radiator grilles, the auditorium of the Radio City Music Hall, and the spire of the Chrysler Building.

Streamline Moderne

1934 Chrysler Airflow sedan
1942 Nash Ambassador Slipstream sedan.

A parallel movement called Streamline Moderne, or simply Streamline, followed close behind. Streamline was influenced by the modern aerodynamic designs,[11] including those emerging from advancing technologies in aviation, ballistics, and other fields requiring high velocity. The attractive shapes resulting from scientifically applied aerodynamic principles were enthusiastically adopted within Art Deco, applying streamlining techniques to other useful objects in everyday life, such as the automobile. Although the Chrysler Airflow design of 1933 was commercially unsuccessful, it provided the lead for more conservatively designed pseudo-streamlined vehicles. These "streamlined" forms began to be used in the design of mundane and static objects such as pencil sharpeners and refrigerators.[11]

Art Deco celebrates the Machine Age through explicit use of man-made materials (particularly glass and stainless steel),[11] symmetry,[22] and repetition, modified by Asian influences such as the use of silks and Middle Eastern designs. It was strongly adopted in the United States during the Great Depression for its practicality and simplicity, while still portraying a reminder of better times and the "American Dream".[3]

Decline and resurgence

Art Deco slowly lost patronage in the West after reaching mass production, when it began to be derided as gaudy and presenting a false image of luxury. Eventually, the style was cut short by the austerities of World War II. Before destruction in World War II, Manila possessed many Art Deco buildings; a legacy of the American colonial past. A resurgence of interest in Art Deco came first in the 1960s,[6][23][12] and then again in the 1980s with the growing interest in graphic design,[6] where its association with film noir and 1930s glamour led to its use in advertisements for jewelry and fashion.[24]

Surviving examples

Some of the finest surviving examples of Art Deco art and architecture are found in Cuba, especially in Havana. The Bacardi Building is noted for its particular style,[25] which echoes the classic themes of Art Deco. The style is expressed in the architecture of residences, businesses, hotels, and many pieces of decorative art, furniture, and utensils in public buildings, as well as in private homes.[26]

Another country with many examples of rich Art Deco architecture is Brazil, specially in Goiânia and cities like Cipó (Bahia), Iraí (Rio Grande do Sul) and Rio de Janeiro, especially in Copacabana. Also in the Brazilian Northeast — notably in countryside cities, such as Campina Grande in Paraiba State — there is a noticeable group of Art Deco buildings, which has been called “Sertanejo Art Deco” because of its peculiar architectural features.[27] The reason for the style being so widespread in Brazil is its coincidence with the fast growth and radical economic changes of the country during 1930-1940. South Beach in Miami Beach, Florida has the largest collection of Art Deco architecture remaining in North America. Much of the Art Deco heritage of Tulsa, Oklahoma remains from that city's oil boom days.[28]

Influences

The distinctive style of Art Deco has been echoed in many similar movements since its early decline.[6] Art Deco influenced later styles such as Memphis and the Pop art movement.[11] It also had an effect on post modern architecture and styles, even through to the late 1970s.[6] Art Deco has also had a marked influence on contemporary design.[3]

House design in the United Kingdom

During the 1930s, Art Deco had a noticeable influence on house design in the United Kingdom,[12] as well as the design of various public buildings.[6] Straight, white-rendered house frontages rising to flat roofs, sharply geometric door surrounds and tall windows, as well as convex curved metal corner windows, were all characteristic of that period.[23][29][30]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wood, Ghislaine. "Traditional Motifs". Essential Art Deco. London: VA&A Publications. p. 21.
  2. ^ "Art Deco". Kanne and Kruike. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  3. ^ a b c d "How Art Deco came to be". University Times. 36 (4). University of Pittsburgh. October 9 2003. Retrieved 07/11/2008. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  4. ^ "Art Deco Study Guide". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  5. ^ a b c Duncan, Alastair (1998). Encyclopedia of Art Deco. London: Grange Books.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Fell, Charlotte (2006). "Luxury and Power". Design Handbook: Concepts, Materials and Styles (1 ed.). Italy: Taschen. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "The Paris 1925 Exhibition". V&A Publishers. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  8. ^ Bevis, Hillier (1968). Art Deco of the 20s and 30s. Studio Vista.
  9. ^ "So What Is Art Deco Design?". pheebay.com. Retrieved 2008-10-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Bevis, Hillier (1971). The World of Art Deco. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Hauffe, Thomas (1998). Design: A Concise History (1 ed.). London: Laurence King. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "Art Deco Style". Museum of London. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  13. ^ "Art Deco Study Guide". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  14. ^ Juster, Randy. "Introduction to Art Deco" (in decopix.com). Retrieved 2008-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ^ a b Jirousek, Charlotte (1995). "Art, Design and Visual Thinking". Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  16. ^ a b Fisher, Carol. "Art Deco - The Modern Style". Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  17. ^ Savage, Rebecca (2004). Art Deco in Detroit (Images of America). Arcadia. ISBN 0-7385-3228-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Art Deco Train Stations". agilitynut.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  19. ^ C., Johnson (2001). Union Pacific and Omaha Union Station:A History pf Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Station in Omaha, Nebraska 1866-1971. South Platte Press. p. 24. Retrieved 7/8/07. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  20. ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1996). The Jazz Age. New York. p. 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Kapty, Patrick. "Art Deco: 1920 - 1930" (in 1999). Retrieved 2008-10-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ^ a b "Art Deco Jewelry". StudioSoft. 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  23. ^ a b Heindorf, Anne (24 July 2006). "Art Deco (1920s to 1930s)". Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  24. ^ Pamela Gaunt. "The Decorative in Twentieth Century Art: A Story of Decline and Resurgence" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Fernandez, Enrique (2005). "Bacardi Building Sports Spirited Design". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  26. ^ Bevis, Hillier (1971). The World of Art Deco. New York: Dutton.
  27. ^ Rossi, Lia (2002). "Art Deco Sertanejo". Retrieved 2008-11-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Tulsa's Art Deco Heritage". Tulsa Reservation Commission. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
  29. ^ "Art Deco Buildings". london-footprints.co.uk. 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  30. ^ "Art Deco in Frinton on sea". Art Deco Classics. 2006. Retrieved 2008-11-06.

See also

See also: Category:Art Deco buildings in London

Bibliography

  • Applegate, Judith. Intro. by Elayne H. Varian, Art Deco (New York Finch College Museum Of Art).
  • Bayer, Patricia, Art Deco Architecture Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties. (London: Thames & Hudson, 1999) ISBN 0500281491, ISBN 978-0500281499.
  • Benton, Charlotte (Author), Tim Benton (Author), Ghislaine Wood (Author), Oriana Baddeley (Collaborator). Art Deco: 1910-1939 (Little Brown & Co., 2003). ISBN 9780821228340.
  • Breeze, Carla, American Art Deco: Modernistic Architecture and Regionalism (Norton, WW & Co., 2003). ISBN 0500281491; ISBN 978-0500281499.
  • Gallagher, Fiona, Christie's Art Deco (Watson Guptill Publications, 2002) ISBN 1862055092.
  • Hillier, Bevis The World of Art Deco (New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1971) ISBN 9780525482383 ISBN 0525482385.
  • Ray, Gordon N.; Tansell, G. Thomas, Ed., The Art Deco Book In France. The Bibliographical Society of The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 2005) ISBN 1883631122.
  • Savage, Rebecca Binno and Greg Kowalski. Art Deco in Detroit (Images of America). (Arcadia, 2004). ISBN 0-7385-3228-2.
  • Unes, Wolney. Identidade Art Deco de Goiânia. (Ateliê, 2003). ISBN 85-7480090-2.
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