Marie of Romania
| Marie of Edinburgh | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Queen consort of Romania | |||||
| Tenure | 10 October 1914 – 20 July 1927 | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Ferdinand of Romania | ||||
| Issue | Carol II of Romania Elisabeth, Queen of Greece Maria of Yugoslavia Prince Nicholas Princess Ileana, Archduchess of Austria Prince Mircea | ||||
| |||||
| House | House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | ||||
| Father | Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
| Mother | Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia | ||||
Marie of Edinburgh (29 October 1875–18 July 1938) was a British Princess by birth and Romanian Queen by marriage.
Early life
She was born on 29 October 1875 at Eastwell Park in Kent, the eldest daughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. Her father was the second-eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Her mother was the only surviving daughter of Alexander II of Russia and Maria Alexandrovna of Hesse. She was baptised in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle on 15 December 1875 and her godparents were the Empress and Tsarevitch of Russia, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Princess of Wales and the Duke of Connaught. As her father was in the Royal Navy, she spent much of her early childhood abroad, particularly in Malta.
Marriage
In her youth, Princess Marie was considered a suitable match for marriage to the Royalty of Europe. Her first cousin, Prince George of Wales, later King George V of the United Kingdom, fell in love with her and proposed marriage. Marie's father and George's father approved of the marriage, but their mothers did not. Marie's mother did not like the British Royal family and George's mother did not like Germans so the idea of a marriage was nixed. Before Marie could find someone else unsuitable to marry, her mother found Ferdinand of Romania. He was the German raised nephew of the King of Romania (and a distant cousin of the rulers of Prussia.)
Princess Marie married Prince Ferdinand of Romania, nephew of King Carol I of Romania in Sigmaringen, Germany, on 10 January 1893. The bride was 17 years old and the groom was 10 years her senior. (Marie's father did not become Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha until a few months later.) The marriage, which produced three daughters and three sons, was not a happy one.[1] Her correspondence with her longtime secret confidante, the American dancer Loie Fuller, revealed "the distaste, which grew to revulsion" that Marie felt for her husband.[2]
The couple's two youngest children, Ileana and Mircea, were born after Marie met her long-time lover, Barbu Ştirbey. Historians generally agree that Ştirbey was the father of Prince Mircea, who had brown eyes like Ştirbey, unlike Marie and Ferdinand.[3] The paternity of Ileana is uncertain, as is the paternity of Marie's second daughter, Maria (known as Mignon), the future Queen of Yugoslavia.[1] Ferdinand's paternity of the three other children, Carol, Nicholas and Elisabeth, has not been disputed.[citation needed]
Affair with Cantacuzene
In 1897, while still Crown Princess, Marie began a romantic liaison with Lieutenant Zizi Cantacuzene.[1] The affair and subsequent scandal became widely known and was quickly terminated by King Carol I. However by autumn 1897, during the height of the scandal, Marie became pregnant. After fleeing to her mother in Coburg, Marie apparently gave birth to a child who has disappeared from history.[1] It has been suggested that the child was either stillborn or quickly placed in an orphanage. Whatever the truth, 'the story of this mysterious child of Marie of Romania was one secret "she took to the grave."'[clarification needed]
Birth of Maria, future Queen of Yugoslavia
In 1899 Marie, pregnant with Mignon, pleaded with King Carol I to allow her to give birth in Coburg, where her father was Duke. Upon the king's refusal of this request, Marie declared 'right to his face' that the child she was carrying was in fact Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia's.[1] The horrified King relented and Marie gave birth to her daughter, also called Marie but always known as Mignon, in the peaceful surroundings of Coburg. Following this, whether in earnest or merely to deflect criticism from the dynasty, Crown Prince Ferdinand officially recognized the child as his.
Birth of Prince Nicolas
Marie's fourth child and second son, Prince Nicolas, was born in August 1903. The appearance of Pauline Astor, the sister of Marie's close friend and confidant Waldorf Astor, along with an Astor family doctor during the birth fanned speculation that the father of Prince Nicolas was in fact Astor and not Crown Prince Ferdinand. As with Mignon, Ferdinand accepted the child as his own and as he grew up Nicolas came to resemble his Hohenzollern relatives rather than the Astors.[1]
Queen and Queen Mother
| House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen House of Romania |
|---|
| Carol I |
|
| Ferdinand I |
| Carol II |
|
| Michael I |
|
| Margareta, Custodian of the Crown of Romania |
|
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In 1914, Carol I died and Ferdinand ascended the throne of Romania. Crown Princess Marie then became styled Her Majesty The Queen of Romania. Due to World War I, they were not crowned as King and Queen until 1922.
Marie had become a Romanian patriot, and her influence in the country was large. A.L. Easterman writes that King Ferdinand was "a quiet, easy-going man, of no significant character… It was not he, but Marie who ruled in Romania." He credits Marie's sympathies for the Allies as being "the major influence in bringing her country to their side" in the war.[4]
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During the war, she volunteered as a Red Cross nurse to help the sick and wounded and wrote a book, My Country to raise funds for the Red Cross, but these were by no means her most notable contributions to the war effort. With the country half-overrun by the German Army, she and a group of military advisers devised the plan by which the Romanian Army, rather than retreating into Russia, would choose a triangle of the country in which to stand and fight; and through a letter to Loïe Fuller she set in motion the series of events that brought a timely American loan to Romania, providing the necessary funds to carry out the plan. (Fortuitously, the young woman from the US embassy who delivered the letter to Fuller was the former ward of Newton D. Baker, by this time serving as U.S. Secretary of War. Fuller and the young woman traveled from Paris to Washington, DC and secured an audience with Baker who, along with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Carter Glass, arranged the loan.)
After the war ended, the Great Powers decided to settle affairs at the Paris Peace Conference. The Romanian objective was to secure the Romanian-inhabited territories from the now-defunct Austria-Hungary and Russian Empire, thereby uniting all Romanian-speakers in a single state. Romanian diplomats at the peace conference sought to achieve recognition by the Allies of the Unions of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania with Romania, proclaimed during 1918. With the Romanian delegation losing ground in the negotiations, Prime Minister Ionel Bratianu called upon the Queen to travel to France. Marie famously declared that "Romania needs a face, and I will be that face," astutely calculating that the international press was growing tired of the endless negotiations and would be unable to resist the glamour of a Royal visit. The arrival of the so-called Soldier Queen was an international media sensation and she argued passionately that the Western powers should honour their debt to Romania (which had suffered a casualty rate proportionately far greater than Britain, France or the USA). Behind the scenes, she alternately charmed and bullied the Allied leaders into backing the Romanian cause.[1] As a direct result of her charismatic intervention, Romania won back the initiative and successfully achieved all its pre-conference aims, eventually expanding its territory by 60%, gaining Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, as well as parts of the Banat, Crişana and Maramureş.
Marie's son, the Crown Prince Carol (later King Carol II of Romania), was never close to his father, Ferdinand—by the time Carol was an adult, their antagonism became an "open breach"[4]—but there continued to be a "deep bond of affection and sympathy" between Carol and Marie.[4] Their relationship, however, deteriorated. The initial conflict came over Carol's objections to Marie's relationship with Prince Ştirbey; the breach was exacerbated as Marie attempted to steer Carol toward a dynastic marriage rather than allow him to choose his own bride.[4] During Carol's exile in Paris, Loïe Fuller had befriended Carol and his mistress Magda Lupescu; they were unaware of Fuller's connection to Marie. Fuller initially advocated to Marie on their behalf, but later schemed unsuccessfully with Marie to separate Carol from Lupescu.[2] Eventually, when Carol became King and did not seek her counsel, the breach between mother and son became complete.[5]
After the death of her husband in 1927, Queen Marie remained in Romania, writing books and her memoirs, The Story of My Life. She died in Peleş Castle on 18 July 1938, and was buried next to her husband in the Monastery of Curtea de Argeş. In accordance with her will, her heart was kept in a cloister at the Balchik Palace which she had built. In 1940, when Balchik and the rest of Southern Dobrudja were returned to Bulgaria in accordance with the Treaty of Craiova, Queen Marie's heart was transferred to Bran Castle. This had been her principal home for much of the early 20th century, and the artifacts with which she chose to surround herself (traditional furniture and tapestries, for example) can be seen by visitors today. Many of her other personal effects can be seen at the Maryhill Museum, formerly the home of Samuel Hill, an American railroad businessman with whom Queen Marie corresponded much of her life. The famous museum, which lies in Washington State (U.S.A.) on the north side of the Columbia River, displays much of Queen Marie's regalia, furniture, and other possessions, including her crown.
She was the 1,007th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa.
Religious beliefs
She is held in high esteem by members of the Bahá'í Faith. Her religious background was of the Church of England, although she is known to have embraced the Orthodox Christian beliefs of Romanian nationals. In her later years, she was approached by Martha Root, a well-recognized travelling teacher, on the topic of the Bahá'í Faith. Bahá'ís recognize Queen Marie of Romania as the first Royal to have declared her belief in Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith. [3][6][7]
In regard to the Bahá'í Faith, Queen Marie stated:
"The Bahá'í teaching brings peace and understanding. It is like a wide embrace gathering together all those who have long searched for words of hope. It accepts all great Prophets gone before, it destroys no other creeds and leaves all doors open. Saddened by the continual strife amongst believers of many confessions and wearied of their intolerance towards each other, I discovered in the Bahá'í teaching the real spirit of Christ so often denied and misunderstood: Unity instead of strife, Hope instead of condemnation, Love instead of hate, and a great reassurance for all men."[8]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 29 October 1875 – 10 January 1893: Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duchess of Saxony
- 10 January 1893 – 10 October 1914: Her Royal Highness Crown Princess of Romania
- 10 October 1914 – 20 July 1927: Her Majesty The Queen of Romania
- 20 July 1927 – 18 July 1937: Her Majesty Queen Marie of Romania
British arms
As a male-line grandchild of a British Sovereign, Marie bore the arms of the kingdom, with an inescutcheon for Saxony, differenced by a five-point label argent, the outer pair of which bore anchors azure, the inner roses gules, and the central a cross gules. In 1917, the inescutcheon was dropped by Royal Warrant from George V.[9]
Issue
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carol II of Romania | 15 October 1893 | 4 April 1953 (aged 59) | married Elena of Greece and Denmark, sister of King George II of Greece |
| Elisabeth | 12 October 1894 | 14 November 1956 (aged 62) | married King George II of Greece |
| Maria | 6 January 1900 | 22 June 1961 (aged 61) | married King Alexander I of Yugoslavia |
| Nicholas | 3 August 1903 | 9 June 1978 (aged 74) | married Ioana Dumitrescu-Doletti then Thereza Lisboa Figueiroa de Mello |
| Ileana | 5 January 1909 | 21 January 1991 (aged 82) | married Archduke Anton of Austria, Prince of Tuscany |
| Mircea | 3 January 1913 | 2 November 1916 (aged 3) |
Quote
She once encountered a proselytizer from a religious group. She said "I have met.....I did not like him. He seemed to me to be a snob. He spoke of God as if He were the oldest title in the Almanach de Gotha. And all that business about telling one's sins in public -- He wanted me...me ...to get up before my children and confess everything I had ever done! It is spiritual nudism! Ça se ne fait pas."[10]
Legacy
Literature
She was also referred to in a number of contemporaneous literary sources, including Dorothy Parker's poem "Comment":
- Oh, life is a glorious cycle of song,
- A medley of extemporanea;
- And love is a thing that can never go wrong,
- And I am Marie of Roumania.
Marie's interaction with the Bahá'í faith's is discussed in Her Eternal Crown: Queen Marie of Romania and the Bahá'í Faith, by author Della L. Marcus.
In 2005, a Type 22 frigate Regina Maria (formerly HMS London in the Royal Navy) was named after Marie by the Romanian navy.
Science fiction author Joanna Russ mentions her in her 1975 novel, The Female Man.
Bruce Benderson, in The Romanian: Story of an Obsession, soliloquizes on the relationship between Marie, her son King Carol II and his mistress Magda Lupescu.
Ancestry
References
See also
Sources
- Fotescu, Diana (1998). Americans and Queen Marie of Romania. Portland, Oxford: Iasi.
- Mandache (Fotescu), Diana (2004). Later Chapters of My Life. The Lost Memoir of Queen Marie of Romania. Sutton. ISBN 978-0750936910.
- Mandache (Fotescu), Diana (2007). Marie of Romania. Images of a Queen. Rosvall Royal Books. ISBN 9197567124.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g Julia Gelardi (2005). Born to Rule, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria, Queens of Europe. Headline Book Publishing. pp. 91–93&115. ISBN 0755313925.
- ^ a b Easterman, 1942, 58–61
- ^ a b Pakula (1985). The last romantic: a biography of Queen Marie of Romania. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 337. ISBN 0297785982.
{{cite book}}: Text "Hannah" ignored (help) - ^ a b c d Easterman, 1942, 28–32
- ^ Easterman, 1942, 31, 86–87
- ^ Marcus, Della (2000). Her Eternal Crown. Oxford: George Ronald. ISBN 0853984425.
- ^ Hassall, Graham. "100 Years of the Baha'i Faith in Europe". Baha'i Studies Review. 8 (3): 35–44. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1991). The World Order of Baha'u'llah. Selected Letters. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 234. ISBN 0877432317.
- ^ Heraldica – British Royalty Cadency
- ^ Nichols, Beverely (1952). All I could Never Be. Dutton. pp. 255–256.
External links
- The British Pathé has made available various archives of films taken including Marie of Edinburgh:
- Romanian royal consorts
- Queens consort
- British princesses
- Romanian princesses
- Princesses of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- British nurses
- Romanian memoirists
- Romanian women writers
- Romanian philanthropists
- English Bahá'ís
- Romanian Bahá'ís
- Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Eastern Orthodoxy
- Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
- Dames of Justice of the Order of St John
- Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
- Members of the Royal Red Cross
- People from Ashford, Kent
- 1875 births
- 1938 deaths
- Burials at Curtea de Argeş Cathedral
- Dames of the Order of Maria Luisa
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)