Floris V, Count of Holland
Count Floris V of Holland and Zeeland (june 24, 1254–june 27, 1296), "der Keerlen God" (God of the Peasants), is one of the most important figures of the first, native dynasty of Holland (833-1299). His life has been documented in detail in the Rijmkroniek by Melis Stoke, his chronicler. He is credited with a mostly peaceful reign, modernizing administration, policies beneficial to trade, generally acting in the interests of his peasants at the expense of nobility, and reclaiming land from the sea. His dramatic murder engineered by King Edward I of England, the Longshanks, and Guy de Dampierre, count of Flanders, made him a hero in Holland.
He was the son of Count William II (1227-1256), who was elected king of the Romans of the Holy Roman Empire in 1248, and was murdered in 1256 by Frisians when Floris was just two years old. First his uncle, then his aunt, and, after the battle of Reimerswaal (fought over custody of Holland) in 1263, Otto II of Guelders served as his guardians until he was twelve years old and considered capable of administrating Holland himself. He was supported by the count of Hainaut of the house of Avesnes who was an archenemy of the count of Flanders of the house of Dampierre.
In 1272 he unsuccessfully attacked the Frisians in a first attempt to retrieve the body of his father. In 1274 he faced an uprising by nobles led by the powerful lords Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel and Henry of Woerden, who held lands in the north of the adjacent bishopric of Utrecht (the area of Amsterdam) at the expense of the bishop. Gijsbrecht and Henry were supported by the craftsmen of Utrecht, the peasants of Kennemerland (Alkmaar and surroundings), Waterland (north of Amsterdam) and Amstelland (Amsterdam and surroundings) and the West Frisians. He assisted the weak bishop by making a treaty with the craftsmen. The bishop would become dependent on Holland's support, and eventually added the lands of the rebellious lords to Holland in 1279. He did concessions to the peasants of Kennemerland. Kennemerland was a duneland, where the farmers had far less rights then the farmers in the polders.
Floris got rid of the Avesnes influence and switched allegiance to the Dampierres.
In 1282 he again attacked the troublesome Frisians in the north, defeating them at the battle of Vronen, and succeeded in retrieving the body of his father. After a campaign in 1287-1288 he finally defeated the Frisians. In the meantime he had received Zeeland-bewester-Schelde (the area that controls access to the Scheldt river) as a loan from the Holy Roman King in 1287, but the local nobility sided with the count of Flanders who invaded in 1290. Floris arranged a meeting with count Guy of Flanders, but he was taken prisoner in Biervliet and was forced to abandon his claims and then set free.
Floris immediately wanted to resume war, but King Edward I of England, who had an interest in access to the great rivers for wool and other English goods, convinced Floris to stop hostilities with Flanders. When in 1292 Floris claimed the throne of Scotland (his great-grandmother Ada being the sister of King William I of Scotland) he did not receive the expected support from Edward, but England did support his claims in a new, this time more successful, war on Flanders.
After Edward I moved his trade in wool from Dordrecht in Holland to Mechelen in Brabant, to gain Flanders's support against France, Floris switched sides to France in 1296. Edward I now prohibited all English trade on Holland and conspired with count Guy of Flanders to have Floris kidnapped and taken to France. The humiliated lords Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel and Hendrik of Woerden enter the scene again as part of the conspiracy. Together with Gerard of Velzen they captured count Floris during a hunting party and brought him to Muiderslot castle. The news of the capture spreaded quickly; afraid for the people, four days later the lords together with their captive left the castle to get to a safer place. They were stopped by an angry mob of local peasants. In panic Gerard of Velzen killed the count, and the lords fled. Gerard of Velzen was captured later and killed in Leiden. The other conspirators fled to Brabant, Flanders and perhaps to Prussia, where many colonists and crusaders from Holland migrated to.
The life and death of Floris V inspired songs, plays, and books in the Netherlands. Best known is the play "Gijsbrecht van Aemstel" of 17th century playwright and poet Joost van den Vondel, which is about the sacking of Amsterdam in the days after the murder of Floris V.
The nickname "God of the Peasants" was introduced after his death in the nobility, and was originally intended to be an insult. He earned the name because he behaved "as if he was the Good Lord himself with his peasants". He apparently knighted 40 peasants as members of the order of St. Jacob without permission of the church, provoking the anger of the church and of the 12 existing noble members of that knightly order. This story has no historical basis, just like another story that claims that Gerard of Velzen participated in the conspiracy because Floris supposedly raped his wife. What is certain is that Floris was remembered as a saint by the peasants of Holland, and that the "God of the Peasants" became a symbolic hero in the struggle for independence from Spain in the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648).