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Al-Muntafiq

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Al-Muntafiq Emirate
المنتفق
1530–1918
Al-Muntafiq Emirate, a union of Shia_sunni clans based in the middle Euphrates region, was a major rival of the Emirate of Diriyah
Al-Muntafiq Emirate, a union of Shia_sunni clans based in the middle Euphrates region, was a major rival of the Emirate of Diriyah
CapitalBasra
Common languages
Religion
Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Emir 
• 1530–1918
Sadoon Family
Historical eraModern History
1530
13 November 1918
CurrencyOttoman lira
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Ottoman Empire
Mandatory Iraq
Sheikhdom of Kuwait
Sultanate of Nejd
Qajar Iran

Al-Muntafiq (Arabic: المنتفق) was a large Arab tribal confederation of southern Iraq and Kuwait. The confederation's tribes predominantly settled in Iraq's southern provinces and northern Kuwait. The confederation is not homogeneous in terms of sect/religion.[1] Centuries of intermarriage and intermingling created a mix of Sunni and Shia tribes. Therefore, a minority of individual tribes within the confederation is Sunni. Overall, it is almost impossible to delineate who is, and who is not part of the Muntafiq.

The tribe is divided into three main branches: Bani Malik, al-Ajwad, and Bani Sa'id. Most of the tribe traces its genealogy to the tribe of Banu 'Uqayl of the large and ancient Banu 'Amir confederation of Najd. However, the tribe's traditional leaders are Al-Saadun ("the house of Saadun"), who are said to be Sharifs originating from Mecca, while the al-Ajwad branch is said to partially originate from the ancient Arab tribe of Tayy. The Muntafiq tribe was led by Yusuf Beg of the Saadun clan.[2] They were traditional rivals of the Dhufir and of Ibn Saud, although Yusuf sometimes co-operated with Ibn Saud.

The tribe migrated to Iraq during the Islamic conquests. In Ottoman times, the tribe held control over the region of Basrah under Ottoman suzerainty. In 1521, they successfully occupied al-Ahsa and al-Qatif (eastern Saudi Arabia today) on the Ottomans' behalf, before being expelled by Banu Khalid.

Alt
Map of the Ottoman Empire and the Vilayet of Basra in Red, which was under direct rule of the Sadoon Tribe

During the Ottoman era, most of the tribe settled into sedentary life and took up agriculture in southern and western Iraq. During the Ottoman era, from the late eighteenth century onwards, al-Muntafiq converted to Shia Islam.[3][4]

Alt
Ottoman depictions of the Vilayet of Basra, early 20th century

The city of Nasiriya in southern Iraq was named after one of the tribe's sheikhs, and the surrounding province was known as "Al-Muntafiq Province" until 1976.

Those who were herders of small animals such as sheep and goat, rather than camels, and this made them less mobile and less competent as a fighting force compared to the camel-herding tribes of inner Arabia.

Although the tribe's nominal leaders, the Al Saadun, are Sunnis, most of the tribe's members follow the Shi'ite sect of Islam. After many decades of sedentarization, the tribal bond has weakened and the leadership of the Al Saadun is largely nominal.

Many stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to the Muntafiq tribal confederation.[5][6]

Division

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  • Bani Malik:
  1. Al Ibrahim
  2. Al Wadai
  3. Al Majid
  4. Al Diwan
  5. Al Taughiyah
  • Al Ajwad :
  1. Al Bdour
  2. Al Juwarin
  3. Al Ghazzi
  4. Al Shuraifat
  • Bani Huchaim:
  1. Al Zayyad
  2. Al Ghazalat
  3. Bani Salamah
  • Albu Salah:
  1. Al Shamlah
  2. Al Safaa
  3. Al Abada
  4. Al Araithib
  • Albu Salah:
  1. Al Aunan
  2. Al Rufiat
  3. Al Zuaba

See also

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Sources

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Notes

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  1. ^ Thompson, Christiane. "Iranian Tentacles into Iraq". School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS). Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  2. ^ "Muntafiq". King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud Information Resource. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  3. ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.27
  4. ^ Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2B:1273; Great Britain, naval intelligence division, geographical handbook series, Iraq and the Persian Gulf, September 1944, 379-80; Great Britain, office of the civil commissioner, The Arab of Mesopotamia, Basra, 1917,6.
  5. ^ "بدون الكويت: كرة ثلج تتدحرج منذ 40 عاماً". Elaph (in Arabic). 2007.
  6. ^ Fayez Alfayez (26 February 2021). "أزمة الهوية الوطنية - د. فايز الفايز". Platform Post (in Arabic).