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'''''Wolffia globosa''''' is a species of flowering plant known by the common names '''Asian watermeal''' and '''duckweed'''. It is native to Asia and is found in parts of the Americas and Africa, where it is an [[introduced species]].<ref name=powo>{{cite web|date=2022|title=Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1135607-2|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> It grows in mats on the surface of calm, freshwater bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and marshes. It is a very tiny, oval-shaped plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The body of the plant, a transparent green frond, is less than a millimeter wide. In one human experiment, processed ''W. globosa'' was reported to provide dietary protein and [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan A, Zelicha H, Tsaban G, Yaskolka Meir A, Rinott E, Kovsan J, Novack L, Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Burkhardt R, Willenberg A, Tirosh A, Cabantchik I, Stampfer MJ, Shai I |title=Protein bioavailability of Wolffia globosa duckweed, a novel aquatic plant - A randomized controlled trial |journal=Clin Nutr |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=2576–2582 |date=December 2019 |pmid=30591380 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.009 }}</ref>
'''''Wolffia globosa''''' is a species of flowering plant known by the common names '''Asian watermeal''' and '''duckweed'''. It is native to Asia and is found in parts of the Americas and Africa, where it is an [[introduced species]].<ref name=powo>{{cite web|date=2022|title=Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1135607-2|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> It grows in mats on the surface of calm, freshwater bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and marshes. It is a very tiny, oval-shaped plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The body of the plant, a transparent green frond, is less than a millimeter wide. In one human experiment, processed ''W. globosa'' was reported to provide dietary protein and [[Vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan A, Zelicha H, Tsaban G, Yaskolka Meir A, Rinott E, Kovsan J, Novack L, Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Burkhardt R, Willenberg A, Tirosh A, Cabantchik I, Stampfer MJ, Shai I |title=Protein bioavailability of Wolffia globosa duckweed, a novel aquatic plant - A randomized controlled trial |journal=Clin Nutr |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=2576–2582 |date=December 2019 |pmid=30591380 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.009 }}</ref>


''Wolffia globosa'' has been described as the world's smallest flowering plant, at {{convert|0.1|-|0.2|mm|3|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news | last = Lock | first = Helen | date = 4 Sep 2013 | title = Rare bloom for Wolffia Globosa, the world's smallest flowering plant | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/10285897/Rare-bloom-for-Wolffia-Globosa-the-worlds-smallest-flowering-plant.html | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | location = London | access-date = 25 Sep 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the smallest flower in the world? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress) |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/smallestflower.html |website=www.loc.gov |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
''Wolffia globosa'' has been described as the world's smallest flowering plant, at {{convert|0.1|-|0.2|mm|3|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news | last = Lock | first = Helen | date = 4 Sep 2013 | title = Rare bloom for Wolffia Globosa, the world's smallest flowering plant | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/10285897/Rare-bloom-for-Wolffia-Globosa-the-worlds-smallest-flowering-plant.html | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | location = London | access-date = 25 Sep 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the smallest flower in the world? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress) |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/smallestflower.html |website=www.loc.gov |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>


== Use as human food crop and nutrition ==
Known in Thai as ''Pham'' (ผํา), it is a popular item in [[Thai cuisine]], especially in [[Isan]].<ref>[http://www.foodietaste.com/recipe_detail.asp?id=967 แกงไข่ผำ(สาหร่ายสไปรูลิน่า)สูตรและวิธีทำ]</ref>
Known in Thai as ''Pham'' (ผํา), it is a popular item in [[Thai cuisine]], especially in [[Isan]].<ref>[http://www.foodietaste.com/recipe_detail.asp?id=967 แกงไข่ผำ(สาหร่ายสไปรูลิน่า)สูตรและวิธีทำ]</ref>

[[Vitamin B12|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]] was the only vitamin or nutrient not known to be available from plant sources. Until more recently (from 2018 to 2020s),when studies made on an aquatic plant [[Wolffia globosa]] (Mankai), more commonly known as [[duckweed]]. has been discovered and confirmed containing bioactive Vitamin B12 and is well absorbed in humans, also the results indicate that the presence of B12 in Mankai is not an occasional event nor a result of uptake from the surrounding medium but is stably and consistently produced within or in close association with the plant. This is significant for [[Veganism|vegans]] or [[Vegetarianism|vegetarians]] seeking alternatives from animal-based sources of B12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Alon |last2=Zelicha |first2=Hila |last3=Tsaban |first3=Gal |last4=Yaskolka Meir |first4=Anat |last5=Rinott |first5=Ehud |last6=Kovsan |first6=Julia |last7=Novack |first7=Lena |last8=Thiery |first8=Joachim |last9=Ceglarek |first9=Uta |last10=Burkhardt |first10=Ralph |last11=Willenberg |first11=Anja |last12=Tirosh |first12=Amir |last13=Cabantchik |first13=Ioav |last14=Stampfer |first14=Meir J. |last15=Shai |first15=Iris |date=2019-12 |title=Protein bioavailability of Wolffia globosa duckweed, a novel aquatic plant – A randomized controlled trial |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.009 |journal=Clinical Nutrition |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=2576–2582 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.009 |issn=0261-5614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=author |first=JackNorrisRD Post |date=2020-11-08 |title=Update on Mankai Duckweed as a Source of B12 |url=https://veganhealth.org/update-on-mankai-duckweed-as-a-source-of-b12/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=VeganHealth.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sela |first=Ilan |last2=Yaskolka Meir |first2=Anat |last3=Brandis |first3=Alexander |last4=Krajmalnik-Brown |first4=Rosa |last5=Zeibich |first5=Lydia |last6=Chang |first6=Debbie |last7=Dirks |first7=Blake |last8=Tsaban |first8=Gal |last9=Kaplan |first9=Alon |last10=Rinott |first10=Ehud |last11=Zelicha |first11=Hila |last12=Arinos |first12=Shira |last13=Ceglarek |first13=Uta |last14=Isermann |first14=Berend |last15=Lapidot |first15=Miri |date=2020-10-08 |title=Wolffia globosa–Mankai Plant-Based Protein Contains Bioactive Vitamin B12 and Is Well Absorbed in Humans |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7600829/ |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=3067 |doi=10.3390/nu12103067 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=7600829 |pmid=33049929}}</ref>

== See Also ==

* [[Lemnoideae]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:44, 30 July 2024

Wolffia globosa
W. globosa (small) with Spirodela polyrrhiza (larger)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Wolffia
Species:
W. globosa
Binomial name
Wolffia globosa
(Roxb.) Hartog & Plas

Wolffia globosa is a species of flowering plant known by the common names Asian watermeal and duckweed. It is native to Asia and is found in parts of the Americas and Africa, where it is an introduced species.[2] It grows in mats on the surface of calm, freshwater bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and marshes. It is a very tiny, oval-shaped plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The body of the plant, a transparent green frond, is less than a millimeter wide. In one human experiment, processed W. globosa was reported to provide dietary protein and vitamin B12.[3]

Wolffia globosa has been described as the world's smallest flowering plant, at 0.1–0.2 mm (0.004–0.008 in) in diameter.[4][5]

Use as human food crop and nutrition

Known in Thai as Pham (ผํา), it is a popular item in Thai cuisine, especially in Isan.[6]

Vitamin B12 was the only vitamin or nutrient not known to be available from plant sources. Until more recently (from 2018 to 2020s),when studies made on an aquatic plant Wolffia globosa (Mankai), more commonly known as duckweed. has been discovered and confirmed containing bioactive Vitamin B12 and is well absorbed in humans, also the results indicate that the presence of B12 in Mankai is not an occasional event nor a result of uptake from the surrounding medium but is stably and consistently produced within or in close association with the plant. This is significant for vegans or vegetarians seeking alternatives from animal-based sources of B12.[7][8][9]

See Also

References

  1. ^ Mani, S. (2011). "Wolffia globosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T177384A7426184. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  3. ^ Kaplan A, Zelicha H, Tsaban G, Yaskolka Meir A, Rinott E, Kovsan J, Novack L, Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Burkhardt R, Willenberg A, Tirosh A, Cabantchik I, Stampfer MJ, Shai I (December 2019). "Protein bioavailability of Wolffia globosa duckweed, a novel aquatic plant - A randomized controlled trial". Clin Nutr. 38 (6): 2576–2582. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.009. PMID 30591380.
  4. ^ Lock, Helen (4 Sep 2013). "Rare bloom for Wolffia Globosa, the world's smallest flowering plant". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 Sep 2016.
  5. ^ "What is the smallest flower in the world? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  6. ^ แกงไข่ผำ(สาหร่ายสไปรูลิน่า)สูตรและวิธีทำ
  7. ^ Kaplan, Alon; Zelicha, Hila; Tsaban, Gal; Yaskolka Meir, Anat; Rinott, Ehud; Kovsan, Julia; Novack, Lena; Thiery, Joachim; Ceglarek, Uta; Burkhardt, Ralph; Willenberg, Anja; Tirosh, Amir; Cabantchik, Ioav; Stampfer, Meir J.; Shai, Iris (2019-12). "Protein bioavailability of Wolffia globosa duckweed, a novel aquatic plant – A randomized controlled trial". Clinical Nutrition. 38 (6): 2576–2582. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.009. ISSN 0261-5614. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ author, JackNorrisRD Post (2020-11-08). "Update on Mankai Duckweed as a Source of B12". VeganHealth.org. Retrieved 2024-07-30. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ Sela, Ilan; Yaskolka Meir, Anat; Brandis, Alexander; Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa; Zeibich, Lydia; Chang, Debbie; Dirks, Blake; Tsaban, Gal; Kaplan, Alon; Rinott, Ehud; Zelicha, Hila; Arinos, Shira; Ceglarek, Uta; Isermann, Berend; Lapidot, Miri (2020-10-08). "Wolffia globosa–Mankai Plant-Based Protein Contains Bioactive Vitamin B12 and Is Well Absorbed in Humans". Nutrients. 12 (10): 3067. doi:10.3390/nu12103067. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7600829. PMID 33049929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)


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