Liana
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Liana est vitis lignea qui caulis longus est quae in solo gradu terrae radicatus est et arboribus aliisque fulcris utitur, usque ad summum silvae aulaeum scandens ut apricas regiones attingat.[1] Lianae sunt silvarum foliis latis humidarum tropicarum et subtropicarum propriae (praecipue silvarum temporalium), sed in silvis pluviosis temperatis inveni possunt. Etiam sunt lianae temperatae, exempli gratia species generum Clematis et Vitis. Lianae pontes inter aulaeum silvae facere possunt, vias trans silvam animalibus arborealibus praebentes, qui pontes arbores infirmiores a ventis potentibus protegere possunt. Lianae et arbores silvestres certantes lucem solarem, aquam, et nutrimenta ex solo petunt.[2] Silvae lianis carentes fructus magis producunt; arboribus autem lianas fulcientibus est duplicem moriendi probabilitatem.[3]
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Vocabulum liana gregem taxinomicum non attingit, sed modum per quem plantae crescunt describit, vocabulis arbore et frutice simile. Lianae in multis familiis plantarum inveni possunt. Una ratio lianarum ab arboribus fruticibusque distinguendarum de rigore dependet, praesertim modulo Youngiano variorum caulis segmentorum. Iuvenes ramunculi ramique parviores arborum et fruticum admodum flexibiles sunt, atque auctus senex sicut trunci et magni rami qui rigidiores sunt. Lianis saepe sunt rigidus auctus iuvenis et flexibilioris auctus vetus in fundamentis caulis.[4]
Lianae, ut observavit Carolus Darwin, quia ab aliis plantis fulciuntur, opes conservare possunt quas aliae plantae ad structuras faciendas distribuere debent, et eis potius ad crescendum et reproducendum utuntur. Lianae plerumque nocent arboribus quae eas fulciunt. Proportiones auctús arborum quae lianas sustinent sunt minores, quia lianae arbores per attritum et strangulationem laedunt; lianae praeterea arbores contra glaciem et ventum debilitant, probabilitatem augentes ut arbores quae eas sustinent cadant. Lianae etiam faciunt ut animalia quae foliis vescuntur aulaeum silvae attingere possint. Talium effectuum negativorum causá, arbores quae lianis carent commodum habent; nonnullae autem species proprietates evolverunt quae adiuvant ut eae lianas vitent aut effundant.[5]
Oecologia
[recensere | fontem recensere]Lianae cum arboribus vehementer certant, auctum[6] et reproductionem[7] arborum magnopere imminuentes, mortalitatem arborum magnopere augentes,[8] ne plantulae stabulent prohibentes,[6] progressum regenerationis silvestris mutantes,[9] et ad ultimum proportiones auctús multitudinis arborum afficientes.[10] Lianae etiam aditum in aulaeum multis animalibus arborealibus praebent, inter quae sunt formicidae et multa alia invertebrata, squamata, rodentia, folivora, simiiformes, et lemures. Exempli gratia, in orientalibus Madagascariae silvis tropicis, lemures inter lianas reticulatas quae varias arborum species circumplectuntur liberius movere possunt, ac nidos in arboribus lianas fulcientibus facere malunt.[11] Lianae etiam arbores fulciunt cum venti potentes flent.[12]
Exempla
[recensere | fontem recensere]Nonnullae familiae et genera quibus sunt species lianarum sunt:
- Gnetophyta
- Acanthaceae
- Ancistrocladaceae
- Annonaceae
- Apocynaceae
- Arecaceae
- Araceae
- Aristolochiaceae
- Bignoniaceae
- Capparaceae
- Connaraceae
- Dilleniaceae
- Dioscoreaceae
- Fabaceae
- Flagellariaceae
- Loganiaceae
- Nepenthaceae
- Oleaceae
- Polygalaceae
- Sapindaceae
- Rhamnaceae
- Rubiaceae
- Rutaceae
- Schlegeliaceae
- Smilacaceae
- Vitaceae
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ "liana". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ Schnitzer et Bongers 2002.
- ↑ Landers 2017.
- ↑ Lahaye et al. 2005.
- ↑ Putz 1984.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Schnitzer et Carson 2010.
- ↑ Wright et al. 2005.
- ↑ Ingwell et al. 2010.
- ↑ Schnitzer, Dalling, et Carson 2000.
- ↑ Visser et al. 2018.
- ↑ Rendigs et al. 2003.
- ↑ Garrido-Pérez et al. 2008.
- ↑ Schnitzer et Bongers 2002.
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Chesshire, Charles. 2001. Plantas Trepadeiras. Livraria Civilização Editora.
- Garrido-Pérez, E. I., J. M. Dupuy, R. Durán-García, G. Gerold, S. A. Schnitzer, et M. Ucan-May. 2008. "Structural effects of lianas and hurricane Wilma on trees in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24 (5): 559–62. doi:10.1017/S0266467408005221. Textus.
- Herder-Lexikon der Biologie. 1994. Spektrum Akademische Verlag, vol. 5. ISBN 3-86025-156-2.
- Ingwell, L. L., S. J. Wright, K. K. Becklund, S .P. Hubbell, et S. A. Schnitzer. 2010. "The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." Journal of Ecology 98 (4): 879–87. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01676.x.
- Lahaye, R., L. Civeyrel, T. Speck, et N. P. Rowe. 2005. "Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae s.l.) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development." American Journal of Botany 92 (8): 1381–96. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1381le. PMID 21646158.
- Landers, Jackson. 2017. "Tarzan's Favorite Mode of Travel, the Liana Vine, Chokes Off a Tree's Ability to Bear Fruit." Smithsonian, 13 Iunii 2017. Editio interretialis.
- Parthasarathy, N., ed. 2015. Biodiversity of lianas. Helvetia: Springer.
- Putz, F. E. 1984. "How trees avoid and shed lianas." Biotropica 16 (1): 19–23. doi:10.2307/2387889. JSTOR 2387889.
- Raven, Peter Hamilton, Ray Franklin Evert, et Susan E. Eichhorn. 2000. Biologie der Pflanzen. Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110154627.
- Rendigs, A., U. Radespiel, D. Wrogemann, et A. Zimmermann. 2003. "Relationship between microhabitat structure and distribution of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in northwestern Madagascar." International Journal of Primatology 24 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1023/A:1021494428294.
- Schnitzer, S. A., et F. Bongers. 2002. "The ecology of lianas and their role in forests." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17 (5): 223–30. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6.
- Schnitzer, S. A., J. W. Dalling, et W. P. Carson. 2000. "The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration." Journal of Ecology 88 (4): 655–66. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00489.x.
- Schnitzer, S. A., et W. P. Carson. 2010. "Lianas suppress tree regeneration and diversity in treefall gaps." Ecology Letters 13 (7): 849–57. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01480.x. PMID 20482581.
- Schnitzer, S. A., F. Bongers, R. J. Burnham, et F. E. Putz, eds. 2015. The ecology of lianas. Oxoniae: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Visser, Marco D., Stefan A. Schnitzer, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Eelke Jongejans, Hans de Kroon, :iza S. Comita, Stephen P. Hubbell, S. Joseph Wright, et Pieter Zuidema. 2018. "Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites." Journal of Ecology 106 (2): 781–94. ISSN 00220477. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12815.
- Wright, S. J., A. M. Jaramillo, J. Pavon, R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, et R. B. FosterB. 2005. "Reproductive size thresholds in tropical trees: variation among individuals, species and forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21 (3): 307–15. doi:10.1017/S0266467405002294.
Nexus externi
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Butler, Rhett. "Vines and Lianas."