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Croonian Lecture

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Retrato de William Croone, pintado por Mary Beale em 1680

As Croonian Lectures são prestigiadas palestras apresentadas a convite da Royal Society e do Royal College of Physicians.[1]

Entre os documentos de William Croone em sua morte em 1684, havia um plano para dotar financeiramente um ciclo de conferências da Royal Society e do Royal College of Physicians. Sua mulher providenciou a doação em 1701, especificando que a mesma seria "para o suporte de uma palestra e experimentos ilustrativos para o avanço do conhecimento natural sobre movimento local, ou (condicionalmente) de tais outros assuntos como, na opinião do então presidente, deve ser de melhor uso em promover os assuntos para os quais a Royal Society foi instituída". Uma conferência deve ser apresentada por um fellow do Royal College of Physicians (RCP) e a outra, sobre a natureza e leis do movimento muscular, a ser apresentada frente à Royal Society. A série de conferências da Royal Society começou em 1738 e a do Royal College of Physicians em 1749.[2]

Croone tornou-se fellow original da Royal Society em maio de 1663.[3] Também tornou-se um dos fellows originais do College of Physicians em 29 de julho de 1675. Foi apontado lecturer de anatomia no Surgeon's hall em 1670 e realizou pesquisas em diversas áreas importantes de sua época, incluindo respiração, movimento muscular e geração.

Lista de lecturers (Royal Society – para lecturers do RCP ver abaixo)

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Fonte: Royal Society

Século XVIII

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Fonte:[4]

  • 1738 Alexander Stuart, On the Motion of the Heart
  • 1739 Frank Nicholls, An Enquiry into Muscular Motion
  • 1740 Alexander Stuart, On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs.
  • 1741 James Douglas, Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana
  • 1742 James Douglas, (read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes.
  • 1743 No lecture
  • 1744 James Parsons, An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion
  • 1745 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1746 James Parsons, Description of the several Muscles of the Face; with their particular Functions and Uses
  • 1747 Browne Langrish, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1748 – 1749 No lecture
  • 1750 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1751 James Parsons, Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis.
  • 1752 – 1753 Not recorded
  • 1754 – 1758 Charles Morton
  • 1759 – 1760 Not recorded
  • 1761 Charles Morton
  • 1762 – 1774 Not recorded
  • 1775 – 1780 John Hunter
  • 1781 John Hunter, On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which they are actuated
  • 1782 John Hunter, On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength and Agility.
  • 1783 Not recorded
  • 1784 Samuel Foart Simmons, On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres
  • 1785 Edward Whitaker Gray, An Examination into Hallers Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1786 Edward Whitaker Gray, On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the Muscles
  • 1787 George Fordyce, On Muscular Motion
  • 1788 Gilbert Blane, On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1789 William Blizard, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1790 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1791 Matthew Baillie, A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.
  • 1792 Not recorded
  • 1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular
  • 1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1797 John Abernethy, A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.
  • 1798 Everard Home, Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.
  • 1799 Everard Home, On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.
  • 1800 Everard Home, On the Irritability of Nerves

Fonte (1801–30):[4]

  • 1801 Everard Home, On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens
  • 1802 Not recorded
  • 1803 John Pearson, On Muscular Motion
  • 1804 Anthony Carlisle, On Muscular Motion.
  • 1805 Anthony Carlisle, On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.
  • 1806 John Pearson, Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished
  • 1807 Anthony Carlisle, On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals
  • 1808 Thomas Young, On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries
  • 1809 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • 1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie, Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.
  • 1811 – 1812 Not recorded
  • 1813 Benjamin Collins Brodie, On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular
  • 1814 –1816 Not recorded
  • 1817 Everard Home, On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.
  • 1818 Everard Home, On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh.
  • 1819 Everard Home, A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.
  • 1820 Everard Home, Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood
  • 1821 Everard Home, On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer
  • 1822 Francis Bauer, Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici
  • 1823 Everard Home, On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects and Worms.
  • 1824 Everard Home, On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta
  • 1825 Everard Home, On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction
  • 1826 Everard Home, An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.
  • 1827 Everard Home, On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes
  • 1828 Not appointed
  • 1829 Everard Home, A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.
  • 1830–1850 Not appointed
  • 1851 Richard Owen, On the Megatherium
  • 1852–1856 Not appointed
  • 1857 James Paget, On the cause of the rhythmic action of the heart
  • 1858 Thomas Henry Huxley, On the theory of the vertebrate skull
  • 1859 Not appointed
  • 1860 James Bell Pettigrew, On the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the ventricular portion of the heart of the mammal
  • 1861 Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, On the relations between muscular irritability, cadaveric rigidity, and putrefaction
  • 1862 Albert Kölliker, On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog: and on the disposition of the nerves in the frogs heart.
  • 1863 Joseph Lister, On the coagulation of the blood
  • 1864 Hermann Helmholtz, On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision.
  • 1865 Lionel S. Beale, On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism
  • 1866 Not appointed
  • 1867 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood
  • 1868 –1869 Not appointed
  • 1870 Augustus V. Waller, On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man.
  • 1871 – 1872 Not appointed
  • 1873 Benjamin Ward Richardson, On muscular irritability after systemic death.
  • 1874 David Ferrier, The localization of function in the brain
  • 1875 David Ferrier, Experiments on the brain of monkeys.
  • 1876 G.J. Romanes, Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae.
  • 1877 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson & F.J.M. Page, On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula.
  • 1878 H.N. Moseley, On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals
  • 1879 W.K. Parker, On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia
  • 1880 Samuel Haughton, On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.
  • 1881 G.J. Romanes and J.C. Ewart, Observations on the locomotor system of Medusae.
  • 1882 W.H. Gaskell, On the rhythm of the heart of the frog, and on the nature of the action of the vagus nerve
  • 1883 H. Newell Martin, On the direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dogs heart
  • 1884 –1885 Not appointed
  • 1886 Leonard Charles Wooldridge, The coagulation of the blood
  • 1887 Harry Govier Seeley, On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne, Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung
  • 1889 Émile Roux, Les inoculations preventives (1853–1933)[5]
  • 1890 H. Marshall Ward, The relations between host and parasite in certain epidemic diseases of plants
  • 1891 Francis Gotch & Victor Horsley, On the mammalian nervous system; its functions and their localization determined by an electrical method.
  • 1892 Angelo Mosso, Les phenomenes psychiques et la temperature du cerveau.
  • 1893 Rudolf Virchow, The position of pathology among biological studies.
  • 1894 Santiago Ramon y Cajal, La fine structure des centres nerveux
  • 1895 T.W. Engelmann, On the nature of muscular contraction
  • 1896 Augustus D. Waller, Observations on isolated nerve.
  • 1897 Charles S. Sherrington, The mammalian spinal cord as an organ of reflex action.
  • 1898 Wilhelm Pfeffer, The nature and significance of functional metabolism in the plant.
  • 1899 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the relation of motion in animals and plants to the electrical phenomena which are associated with it
  • 1900 Paul Ehrlich, On immunity with special reference to cell life
  • 2001 Ronald Laskey, Hunting the antisocial cancer cell.[9]
  • 2002 Kim Nasmyth, Disseminating our genomes during mitosis and meiosis.
  • 2003 Tim Hunt, Cell growth, cell division and the problem of cancer
  • 2004 John Krebs, Risk, food, fact and fantasy[10]
  • 2005 Salvador Moncada, Adventures in vascular biology
  • 2006 Iain Campbell, Structure and the living cell[11]
  • 2007 Aaron Klug, Engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for the regulation of gene expression
  • 2008 John Pickett, Plant and Animal Communication[12]
  • 2009 Linda Partridge, The New Biology of Ageing
  • 2010 Alec Jeffries, Genetic fingerprinting and beyond
  • 2011 John Ellis, Molecular chaperones: how cells stop proteins from misbehaving
  • 2012 Tim Bliss, The Mechanics of Memory[13]
  • 2013 Frances Ashcroft, From bench to bedside: KATP channels and neonatal diabetes[14]
  • 2014 Brigid Hogan, for pioneering contributions that have transformed understanding of cell specification, organogenesis and morphogenesis in mammalian development[14]
  • 2015 Nicholas Barry Davies, for his work on the co-evolved responses of brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts
  • 2016 Enrico Coen, for his work resulting in a new theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding how the shapes of biological structures arise through development and evolution
  • 2017 Jonathan Ashmore, for his significant contributions to the field of sensory neuroscience, shaping our current understanding of inner ear physiology[15]
  • 2018 Jennifer Doudna, Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing[16]
  • 2019 Kay Davies, for her achievements in developing a prenatal test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and her work on characterizing dystrophin related proteins[17]

Lista de Lecturers (Royal College of Physicians)

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Século XVIII

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  • 2000 John Connell, Regulation of the corticosteroid phenotype in humans - implications in the pathogenesis of asthma[138]
  • 2001 Elwyn Elias, Hepato-canalicular cholestasis – its mechanisms, causes and consequences[135]
  • 2002 Humphrey Hodgson, Liver cells - biology to therapeutics[135]
  • 2003 David Barker, Coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: disorders of growth[139]
  • 2004 Alastair Compston, The marvellous harmony of the nervous parts':The origins of multiple sclerosis[140]
  • 2005 David A.Lomas, Molecular mousetraps, a -antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies[141]
  • 2006 Peter John Ratcliffe, Understanding hypoxia signalling in cells; a new therapeutic opportunity?[141]
  • 2007 Peter J. Goadsby, Bench to bedside: headache 2007[135]
  • 2008 Martin Neil Rossor, Dementia – global or modular?[135]
  • 2009 Peter John Barnes, Reversing steroid resistance in inflammatory diseases: a novel therapeutic strategy[135]
  • 2010 Sir Gordon Duff, Challenges in the development of innovative medicines[135]
  • 2011 Stephen O'Rahilly, Obesity and its metabolic consequences: lessons from the extremes[142]
  • 2012 Marc Feldmann, Development of anti cytokine therapy and its future potential[143]
  • 2013 Peter Openshaw, Disease mechanisms revealed by studies of pandemic influenza[144]
  • 2016 Pamela Shaw,Translational neuroscience approach to developing new effective treatments for Motor Neurone Disease[145]

Referências

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  4. a b Hudson, James. Report on the Adjudication of the Copley, Rumford and Royal Medals. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 48 
  5. Roux, M. (1889). «The Croonian Lecture on Preventive Inoculation». BMJ. 1 (1484): 1269–74. PMC 2155160Acessível livremente. PMID 20752718. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1484.1269 
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  7. Croonian Lecture: Population Genetics by Ronald Fisher, published by The Royal Society Publishing
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  9. Laskey, R. (junho de 2005). «The Croonian Lecture 2001: Hunting the antisocial cancer cell: MCM proteins and their exploitation». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1119–32. PMC 1569504Acessível livremente. PMID 16147513. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1656 
  10. Krebs, John R. (junho de 2005). «The Croonian Lecture 2004 Risk: food, fact and fantasy». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1133–44. PMC 1569505Acessível livremente. PMID 16147514. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1665 
  11. Campbell, Iain D. (2008). «The Croonian lecture 2006 Structure of the living cell». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1502): 2379–91. PMC 1955230Acessível livremente. PMID 17255009. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1960 
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  16. «Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing». Royal Society. Consultado em 11 de outubro de 2018 
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  46. Sieveking, Edward H. (31 de março de 1866). «Croonian Lectures on the Localisation of Disease». BMJ. 1 (274): 325–9. PMC 2309123Acessível livremente. PMID 20744582. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.274.325 
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  56. Greenhow, E. H. (1875). «The Croonian Lectures on Addison's Disease». BMJ. 1 (741): 335–337. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.741.335 
  57. Dickinson, W. H. (1876). «The Croonian Lectures on the Pathology and Relations of Albuminuria». BMJ. 1 (799): 499–501. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.799.499 
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  62. Moxon, Walter (1881). «The Croonian Lectures on the Influence of the Circulation upon the Nervous System». BMJ. 1 (1061): 672–675. PMC 2263505Acessível livremente. PMID 20749857. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1061.672 
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  66. «Sir Herman David Weber». Whonamedit. 11 de novembro de 1918 
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  69. MacAlister, Donald (1888). «Abstract of the Croonian Lectures on Antipyretics». BMJ. 2 (1437): 68–71. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1437.68 
  70. Brunton, T. L. (1889). «The Croonian Lectures on the Relationship between Chemical Structure and Physiological Action». BMJ. 2 (1489): 64–9. PMC 2155388Acessível livremente. PMID 20752755. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1489.64 
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  72. Sanderson, J.Burdon (1891). «The Croonian Lectures on the Progress of Discovery Relating to the Origin and Nature of Infectious Diseases». BMJ. 2 (1613): 1135–1139. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1613.1135 
  73. Roberts, W. (1892). «The Croonian Lectures on the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Uric Acid Gravel and Gout: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 2 (1645): 61–65. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1645.61 
  74. Leech, D.J. (1893). «The Cronian Lectures on the Pharmacological Action and Therapeutic Uses of the Nitrites and Allied Compounds: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 1 (1695): 1305–1311. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1695.1305 
  75. Bywaters, H. W. (1916). «F. W. Pavy» (PDF). Biochemical Journal. 10 (1): 1–4. PMC 1258678Acessível livremente 
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