Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic
- PMID: 27631535
- PMCID: PMC6457752
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009999.pub2
Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic
Abstract
Background: Infantile colic is a common disorder in the first months of life, affecting somewhere between 4% and 28% of infants worldwide, depending on geography and definitions used. Although it is self limiting and resolves by four months of age, colic is perceived by parents as a problem that requires action. Pain-relieving agents, such as drugs, sugars and herbal remedies, have been suggested as interventions to reduce crying episodes and severity of symptoms.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of pain-relieving agents for reducing colic in infants younger than four months of age.
Search methods: We searched the following databases in March 2015 and again in May 2016: CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO, along with 11 other databases. We also searched two trial registers, four thesis repositories and the reference lists of relevant studies to identify unpublished and ongoing studies.
Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs evaluating the effects of pain-relieving agents given to infants with colic.
Data collection and analysis: We used the standard methodological procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration.
Main results: We included 18 RCTs involving 1014 infants. All studies were small and at high risk of bias, often presenting major shortcomings across multiple design factors (e.g. selection, performance, attrition, lack of washout period).Three studies compared simethicone with placebo, and one with Mentha piperita; four studies compared herbal agents with placebo; two compared sucrose or glucose with placebo; five compared dicyclomine with placebo; and two compared cimetropium - one against placebo and the other at two different dosages. One multiple-arm study compared sucrose and herbal tea versus no treatment. Simethicone. Comparison with placebo revealed no difference in daily hours of crying reported for simethicone at the end of treatment in one small, low-quality study involving 27 infants. A meta-analysis of data from two cross-over studies comparing simethicone with placebo showed no difference in the number of of infants who responded positively to treatment (risk ratio (RR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 1.23; 110 infants, low-quality evidence).One small study (30 participants) compared simethicone with Mentha piperita and found no difference in crying duration, number of crying episodes or number of responders. Herbal agents. We found low-quality evidence suggesting that herbal agents reduce the duration of crying compared with placebo (mean difference (MD) 1.33, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.96; three studies, 279 infants), with different magnitude of benefit noted across studies (I² = 96%). We found moderate-quality evidence indicating that herbal agents increase response over placebo (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.70; three studies, 277 infants). Sucrose. One very low-quality study involving 35 infants reported that sucrose reduced hours spent crying compared with placebo (MD 1.72, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.06). Dicyclomine. We could consider only one of the five studies of dicyclomine (48 infants) for the primary comparison. In this study, more of the infants given dicyclomine responded than than those given placebo (RR 2.50, 95% CI 1.17 to 5.34). Cimetropium bromide. Data from one very low-quality study comparing cimetropium bromide with placebo showed reduced crying duration among infants treated with cimetropium bromide (MD -30.20 minutes per crisis, 95% CI -39.51 to -20.89; 86 infants). The same study reported that cimetropium increased the number of responders (RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.64).No serious adverse events were reported for all of the agents considered, with the exception of dicyclomine, for which two of five studies reported relevant adverse effects (longer sleep 4%, wide-eyed state 4%, drowsiness 13%).
Authors' conclusions: At the present time, evidence of the effectiveness of pain-relieving agents for the treatment of infantile colic is sparse and prone to bias. The few available studies included small sample sizes, and most had serious limitations. Benefits, when reported, were inconsistent.We found no evidence to support the use of simethicone as a pain-relieving agent for infantile colic.Available evidence shows that herbal agents, sugar, dicyclomine and cimetropium bromide cannot be recommended for infants with colic.Investigators must conduct RCTs using standardised measures that allow comparisons among pain-relieving agents and pooling of results across studies. Parents, who most often provide the intervention and assess the outcome, should always be blinded.
Conflict of interest statement
Elena Biagioli ‐ none known. Valentina Tarasco ‐ none known. Carla Lingua ‐ none known. Lorenzo Moja ‐ none known. Francesco Savino ‐ has received fees for scientific consultancy from Nestlé Italia Milano, Italy; HiPP GmbH & Co Vertrieb KG, Germany and Danone Trading BV, Amsterdam. FS receives royalties from Springer for the book
Figures
![1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-AFig-FIG01.gif)
![2](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-AFig-FIG02.gif)
![3](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-AFig-FIG03.gif)
![4](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-AFig-FIG04.gif)
![5](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-AFig-FIG05.gif)
![6](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-AFig-FIG06.gif)
![1.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-001-01.gif)
![1.2](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-001-02.gif)
![2.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-002-01.gif)
![2.2](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-002-02.gif)
![2.3](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-002-03.gif)
![3.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-003-01.gif)
![4.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-004-01.gif)
![5.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-005-01.gif)
![5.2](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-005-02.gif)
![5.3](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-005-03.gif)
![6.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-006-01.gif)
![7.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-007-01.gif)
![7.2](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-007-02.gif)
![7.3](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-007-03.gif)
![8.1](http://178.128.105.246/cars-https-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6457752/bin/nCD009999-CMP-008-01.gif)
Update of
- doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009999
Similar articles
-
Dietary modifications for infantile colic.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 10;10(10):CD011029. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011029.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. PMID: 30306546 Free PMC article.
-
Folic acid supplementation and malaria susceptibility and severity among people taking antifolate antimalarial drugs in endemic areas.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 1;2(2022):CD014217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014217. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PMID: 36321557 Free PMC article.
-
Probiotics to prevent infantile colic.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 13;3(3):CD012473. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012473.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 30865287 Free PMC article.
-
Manipulative therapies for infantile colic.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD004796. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004796.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. PMID: 23235617 Review.
-
Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 18;4(4):CD006545. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006545.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. PMID: 29667726 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Probiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1449:157-174. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-58572-2_10. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024. PMID: 39060737 Review.
-
Mothers' Awareness Towards Infantile Colic in Saudi Arabia.Cureus. 2023 Dec 11;15(12):e50364. doi: 10.7759/cureus.50364. eCollection 2023 Dec. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 38213344 Free PMC article.
-
The Therapeutic Benefits of Single and Multi-Strain Probiotics on Mean Daily Crying Time and Key Inflammatory Markers in Infantile Colic.Cureus. 2022 Aug 24;14(8):e28363. doi: 10.7759/cureus.28363. eCollection 2022 Aug. Cureus. 2022. PMID: 36168359 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Efficacy and Safety of a Colic Relief Remedy in Infantile Colic.Glob Pediatr Health. 2022 Aug 1;9:2333794X221100810. doi: 10.1177/2333794X221100810. eCollection 2022. Glob Pediatr Health. 2022. PMID: 35936812 Free PMC article.
-
Oral lactase for infantile colic: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.BMC Pediatr. 2022 Aug 3;22(1):468. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03531-8. BMC Pediatr. 2022. PMID: 35922776 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
References
References to studies included in this review
Akçam 2006 {published data only}
-
- Akçam M, Yilmaz A. Oral hypertonic glucose solution in the treatment of infantile colic. Pediatrics International 2006;48(2):125‐7. [PUBMED: 16635169] - PubMed
Alexandrovich 2003 {published data only}
-
- Alexandrovich I, Rakovitskaya O, Kolmo E, Sidorova T, Shushunov S. The effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed oil emulsion in infantile colic: a randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2003;9(4):58‐61. [PUBMED: 12868253] - PubMed
Alves 2012 {published data only}
Arikan 2008 {published data only}
-
- Arikan D, Alp H, Gözüm S, Orbak Z, Cifçi EK. Effectiveness of massage, sucrose solution, herbal tea or hydrolysed formula in the treatment of infantile colic. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2008;17(13):1754‐61. [PUBMED: 18592627] - PubMed
Blomquist 1983 {published data only}
-
- Blomquist HK, Mjörndal, Tiger G. Dicycloverin chloride solution ‐ a remedy for severe infantile colic [Dicykloverinkloridlösning hjälp vid svår spädbarnskolik]. Läkartidningen 1983;80(3):116‐8. [PUBMED: 6343737] - PubMed
Danielsson 1985 {published data only}
-
- Danielsson B, Hwang CP. Treatment of infantile colic with surface active substance (simethicone). Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1985;74(3):446‐50. [PUBMED: 3890465] - PubMed
Gomirato 1989 {published data only}
-
- Gomirato G, Bonomi A, Bensi G, Crosato M. Effect of cimetropium bromide in the treatment of colic in the first 3 months of life. Randomized study. Minerva Pediatrica 1989;41(5):259‐62. [PUBMED: 2796881] - PubMed
Grunseit 1977 {published data only}
-
- Grunseit F. Evaluation of the efficacy of dicyclomine hydrochloride ('Merbentyl') syrup in the treatment of infant colic. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1977;5(3):258‐61. [PUBMED: 162663] - PubMed
Hwang 1985 {published data only}
Illingworth 1959 {published data only}
-
- Illingworth RS. Evening colic in infants: a double‐blind trial of dicyclomine hydrochloride. Lancet 1959;274(7112):1119‐20. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(59)90102-3] - DOI
Markestad 1997 {published data only}
Metcalf 1994 {published data only}
-
- Metcalf TJ, Irons TG, Sher LD, Young PC. Simethicone in the treatment of infant colic: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial. Pediatrics 1994;94(1):29‐34. [PUBMED: 8008533] - PubMed
Montaseri 2013 {published data only}
-
- Montaseri S, Pourarian S, Montaseri H. Effects of fumaria extract on colic pain in 3‐16 weeks infants. Iranian Journal of Neonatology 2013;4(2):10‐5.
Savino 2002 {published data only}
-
- Savino F, Brondello C, Cresi F, Oggero R, Silvestro L. Cimetropium bromide in the treatment of crisis in infantile colic. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2002;34(4):417‐9. [PUBMED: 11930101] - PubMed
Savino 2005 {published data only}
-
- Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, Silvestro L, Oggero R. A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricaria recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants. Phytotherapy Research 2005;19(4):335‐40. [PUBMED: 16041731] - PubMed
Sethi 1988 {published data only}
-
- Sethi KS, Sethi JK. Simethicone in the management of infant colic. Practitioner 1988;232(1448):508. [PUBMED: 3064072] - PubMed
Weissbluth 1984 {published data only}
-
- Weissbluth M, Christoffel KK, Davis AT. Treatment of infantile colic with dicyclomine hydrochloride. Journal of Pediatrics 1984;104(6):951–5. [PUBMED: 6374085] - PubMed
Weizman 1993 {published data only}
-
- Weizman Z, Alkrinawi S, Goldfarb D, Bitran C. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. Journal of Pediatrics 1993;122(4):650‐2. [PUBMED: 8463920] - PubMed
References to studies excluded from this review
Barr 1999 {published data only}
-
- Barr RG, Young SN, Wright JH, Gravel R, Alkawaf R. Differential calming responses to sucrose taste in crying infants with and without colic. Pediatrics 1999;103(5):e68. - PubMed
Becker 1988 {published data only}
-
- Becker N, Lombardi P, Sidoti E, Katkin LS. Mylicon drops in the treatment of infant colic. Clinical Therapeutics 1988;10(4):401‐5. - PubMed
Benjamins 2013 {published data only}
-
- Benjamins LJ, Gourishankar A, Yataco‐Marquez V, Cardona EH, Ybarrondo L. Honey pacifier use among an indigent pediatric population. Pediatrics 2013;131(6):e1838‐41. [PUBMED: 23650307] - PubMed
Koonce 2011 {published data only}
NCT00655083 {unpublished data only}
-
- NCT00655083. A phase I study to evaluate the oral absorption of nepadutant in infants. www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 7 October 2015).
NCT01532518 {unpublished data only}
-
- NCT01532518. Preliminary efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics study of nepadutant in infant with feeding intolerance. www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 7 October 2015).
NCT02708238 {unpublished data only}
-
- NCT02708238. Efficacy of a standardized extract of Matricaria chamomilla L., Melissa officinalis L. and tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus (H122) compared with Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) and with simethicone for the treatment of infantile colic. www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 8 June 2016).
Oggero 1994 {published data only}
Savino 2007 {published data only}
-
- Savino F, Pelle E, Palumeri E, Oggero R, Miniero R. Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics 2007;119(1):e124‐30. [PUBMED: 17200238] - PubMed
References to ongoing studies
NCT01258153 {unpublished data only}
-
- NCT01258153. Preliminary efficacy and safety study of oral nepadutant in infant colic (no‐cry). www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 7 October 2015).
Additional references
Akman 2006
Bassotti 1987
Canivet 2000
Canivet 2008
Capasso 2007
-
- Capasso R, Savino F, Capasso F. Effects of the herbal formulation ColiMil on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice in vivo. Phytotherapy Research 2007;21(10):999‐1101. [PUBMED: 17582592] - PubMed
Carbajal 1999
Cohen‐Silver 2009
Deeks 2008
-
- Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2008:243–96.
Deeks 2011
-
- Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9.4.6: Combining dichotomous and continuous outcomes. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Dobson 2012
DTB 2013
Elbourne 2002
-
- Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta‐analyses involving cross‐over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140‐9. [PUBMED: 11914310] - PubMed
Fiocchi 2010
-
- Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, Bahna SL, Berg A, Beyer K, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. World Allergy Organization Journal 2010;3:57‐161. [DOI: 10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181defeb9; PUBMED: 23268426] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Freedman 2009
-
- Freedman SB, Al‐Harthy N, Thull‐Freedman J. The crying infant: diagnostic testing and frequency of serious underlying disease. Pediatrics 2009;123(3):841‐8. [PUBMED: 19255012] - PubMed
Garriott 1984
Garrison 2000
-
- Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Early childhood: colic, child development, and poisoning prevention: a systematic review of treatments for infant colic. Pediatrics 2000;106(1 (Suppl 1)):184‐90. - PubMed
Goldman 2004
Gupta 2007
-
- Gupta SK. Update on infantile colic and management options. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 2007;8(11):921‐6. [PUBMED: 17979025] - PubMed
Guyatt 2008
-
- Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7650):924‐6. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Guyatt 2013
-
- Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Santesso N, Helfand M, Vist G, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables‐binary outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66(2):158‐72. [PUBMED: 22609141] - PubMed
Hall 2012
Heine 2006
-
- Heine RG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, colic and constipation in infants with food allergy. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006;6(3):220‐5. [PUBMED: 16670518] - PubMed
Higgins 2011a
-
- Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ. Chapter 7: Selecting studies and collecting data. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Higgins 2011b
-
- Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Higgins 2011c
-
- Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hill 2000
-
- Hill DJ, Hosking CS. Infantile colic and food hypersensitivity. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2000;30 Suppl:S67‐76. [PUBMED: 10634302] - PubMed
Hyman 2006
Iacono 1991
-
- Iacono G, Carroccio A, Montalto G, Cavataio F, Bragion E, Lorello D, et al. Severe infantile colic and food intolerance: a long‐term prospective study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1991;12(3):332‐5. [PUBMED: 2072224] - PubMed
Iacono 2005
-
- Iacono G, Merolla R, D'Amico D, Bonci E, Cavataio F, Prima L, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy: a population‐based prospective study. Digestive and Liver Disease 2005;37(6):432‐8. - PubMed
Imbimbo 1986
Kanabar 2001
-
- Kanabar D, Randhawa M, Clayton P. Improvement of symptoms in infant colic following reduction of lactose load with lactase. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2001;14(5):359–63. - PubMed
Lefebvre 2008
-
- Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chaper 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons, 2008:95‐147.
Lehtonen 1994
-
- Lehtonen L, Korvenranta H, Eerola E. Intestinal microflora in colicky and non colicky infants: bacterial cultures and gas‐liquid chromatography. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1994;19(3):310‐4. [PUBMED: 7815263] - PubMed
Lehtonen 1994b
Lothe 1987
-
- Lothe L, Ivarsson SA, Lindberg T. Motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin in infantile colic. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1987;76(2):316‐20. [PUBMED: 3591297] - PubMed
Lothe 1990
-
- Lothe L, Ivarsson SA, Ekman R, Lindberg T. Motilin and infantile colic. A prospective study. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1990;79(4):410‐6. - PubMed
Lucassen 1998
Lucassen 2001
Martin‐Martinez 2010
-
- Martin‐Martinez D, Casaseca‐de‐la‐Higuera P, Vegas‐Sanchez‐Ferrero G, Cordero‐Grande L, Andres‐de‐Llano JM, Garmendia‐Leiza JR, et al. Characterization of activity epochs in actimetric registries for infantile colic diagnosis: identification and feature extraction based on wavelets and symbolic dynamics. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS; 2010 August 31 ‐ September 4; Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2010:2383‐6. - PubMed
Miller‐Loncar 2004
Nocerino 2015
Oxman 1992
-
- Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992;116(1):78–84. [PUBMED: 1530753] - PubMed
Pauli‐Pott 2000
Perry 2011
Praveen 2014
-
- Praveen V, Praveen S, Deshpande G, Patole SK. Oral probiotics for infantile colic. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010986] - DOI
Randall 1986
-
- Randall B, Gerry G, Rance F. Dicyclomine in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ‐ a cause of death or an incidental finding?. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1986;31(4):1470‐4. - PubMed
Reijneveld 2002
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
-
- The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Rhoads 2009
Roberts 2004
-
- Roberts DM, Ostapchuk M, O'Brien JG. Infantile colic. American Family Physician 2004;70(4):735‐40. - PubMed
Räihä 2002
-
- Räihä H, Lehtonen L, Huhtala V, Saleva K, Korvenranta H. Excessively crying in the family: mother‐infant, father‐infant and mother‐father interaction. Child: Care, Health and Development 2002;28(5):419–29. [PUBMED: 12296876] - PubMed
Sadeh 2009
-
- Sadeh A, Sivan Y. Clinical practice: sleep problems during infancy. European Journal of Pediatrics 2009;168(10):1159–64. [PUBMED: 19343361] - PubMed
Sagrada 1989
Savino 2004
-
- Savino F, Cresi F, Pautasso S, Palumeri E, Tullio V, Roana J, et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non‐colicky infants. Acta Paediatrica 2004;93(6):825‐9. [PUBMED: 15244234] - PubMed
Savino 2005b
-
- Savino F, Bailo E, Oggero R, Tullio V, Roana J, Carlone N, et al. Bacterial counts of intestinal Lactobacillus species in infants with colic. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2005;16(1):72‐5. [PUBMED: 15693915] - PubMed
Savino 2006
-
- Savino F, Grassino EC, Guidi C, Oggero R, Silvestro L, Miniero R. Ghrelin and motilin concentration in colicky infants. Acta Paediatrica 2006;95(6):738‐41. [PUBMED: 16754557] - PubMed
Savino 2007b
Savino 2009
Savino 2010
Savino 2014
Savino 2014b
Scarpignato 1985
-
- Scarpignato C, Bianchi Porro G. Cimetropium bromide, a new antispasmodic compound: pharmacology and therapeutic perspectives. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 1985;5(6):467‐77. [PUBMED: 3912339] - PubMed
Schiavone 1985
-
- Schiavone A, Schiavi GB, Conti L, Micheletti R, Sagrada A, Hammer R, et al. Cimetropium: characterization of antimuscarinic and spasmolytic properties. Arzneimittel‐Forschung 1985;35(5):796‐9. - PubMed
Schünemann 2008
-
- Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and 'Summary of findings' tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2008:335–57.
Sferra 1996
-
- Sferra TJ, Heitlinger LA. Gastrointestinal gas formation and infantile colic. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1996;43(2):489‐510. [PUBMED: 8614612] - PubMed
Skogsdal 1997
Steinherz 2004
Steutel 2014
Sung 2014
Treem 1994
-
- Treem WR. Infant colic. A pediatric gastroenterologist's perspective. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1994;41(5):1121‐38. [PUBMED: 7936776] - PubMed
Van den Berg 2009
Vandenplas 2015
Vik 2009
Walker 1988
-
- Walker AM, Romieu I. Infant medication and sudden infant death syndrome. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1988;4(2 Suppl):29‐31. - PubMed
Wessel 1954
-
- Wessel MA, Cobb JC, Jackson EB, Harris GS Jr, Detwiler AC. Paroxysmal fussing in infancy, sometimes called colic. Pediatrics 1954;14(5):421‐35. - PubMed
Williams 1984
Yusuf 1991
-
- Yusuf S, Wittes J, Probsfield K, Tyroler HA. Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1991;266(1):93–8. [PUBMED: 2046134] - PubMed
Publication types
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources