Veiqia

According to one Samoan tradition, it was two women from Fiji who travelled there, beginning the practice of malu.^[2] Legend states that the women were conjoined twins, Taema and Tilafaiga, who were the daughters of Tokilagafanua, the shark-god, and his sister Hinatuafaga, the Moon.^[3] In another version, Taema and Tilafaiga travelled to Fiji, where they learnt the art of tattooing from two men Tufou and Filelei, who told them to "tattoo women, but not men", but on the return journey the twins reversed the phrase, leading a tradition of male tattooing in Samoa.^[4]

Veiqia is a traditional form of tattooing that was exclusive to women in Fiji. Veiqia was marked onto young women's bodies at the time of puberty, or sometimes at the onset of menstruation.^[5] It demonstrated that the women were available for marriage and had physically reached sexual maturity.^[6][7] Typically, once young women had passed the age of puberty, they would receive veiqia, often in the groin and on the buttocks - areas that would normally be covered by a liku (fringed skirt).^[8] Marking the pubic area is recorded from the village of Nabukeru, on the island of Yasawa.^[9] Other regional variations limited the veiqia to only the area covered by a liku, for example in Ba and Rewa; in the highlands of Viti Levu the veiqia extended to the hips, so the marks would be seen above and below the liku.^[7] It was only after tattooing that young women were permitted to wear a liku, and the whole process was closely linked to puberty and coming-of-age.^[10]:44 Designs were also made around women's mouths - known as qia gusu, but rather than marking transition out of puberty, they could be made for either marriage or childbirth.^[11][10]:52

Motifs included in the tattoo designs were based on a range of patterns, reflecting nature and culture. Notes made by Anatole von Hügel describe the motifs in use in one area - Viti Levu Bay - in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century. They include: stars, boats, turtles, ducks, wandering tattlers, pottery and basketwork, amongst others.^[10]:136-140

The dauveiqia (also daubati - tattooists^[12]) were expert older women, who were held in high regard in Fijian society.^[11][3] One of the last traditional daubati was Rabali, who was tattooing women between 1908 and 1910.^[10]:152 The young woman due to be tattooed had to pay the dauveqia in masi (barkcloth), tabua (polished sperm whale teeth) or liku (fringed skirts).^[13] Although there were usually be one woman applying the tattoos, other women might be present to hold the young girl still.^[10]:45 Who had the knowledge of the tattooing practice varied regionally: for example in Wailevu one specialist tattooed all the women and she was a member of the maitaisu clan, and men in that clan were the sole knowledge-holders of traditional woodworking techniques. No records remain for other areas, so it is not known if clan affiliation was usual for the practitioners.^[10]:45

Preparations for veiqia varied between Fijian regions: according to Kingsley Roth writing in 1933, near the Wainimala river, no preparation was undertaken, but in Noiemalu district the pelvic areas due to be tattooed were rested for three days before, then the skin was massaged prior to marking.^[14] Regardless of location the process was highly ritualised, in another example for young girls in Naboubuco they could not be menstruating, had to fast for 24 hours, spend a night fishing for freshwater shrimp and bring their own lemon thorns to make the tattoing implements.^[10]:44 Differently in Tailevu, girls had to rest for four days with their legs elevated, given plant medicines made from the Rewa tree (Cerbera manghas) and a leafy green called Boro (Solanum viride^[15]) to make her purge, then given coconut milk.^[10]:44 On the day of the ritual Tailevu girls were fed food to constipate them, such as yam.^[10]:45 The practitioners also had to refrain from sexual relations for one day prior to their work.^[10]:54

Special caves called qara ni veiqia were sometimes used as the location for the ritual.^[16] The process could take several weeks, or perhaps months, since it was extremely painful.^[12] Pubic tattoos were made first, then the hips and buttocks.^[10]:46 Only once the veiqia for the groin and the buttocks were finished, were designs around the mouth made.^[14] To support healing, the tattoos were not made all at once, rather work occurred for three days, followed by healing, then a return to the ritual depending on how quickly the skin adapted.^[10]:46

Most often, four days after the veiqia was complete, there was a ceremonial feast.^[12] This was sometimes known as 'the shedding of the scales' and was when the scabs over the tattoos would come off and reveal the designs. The feast was often paid for the family of the man who the tattooed woman was intended to marry.^[10]:47 It was at the feast where the newly-tattooed woman was presented with her first liku.^[10]:48

The implements used showed regional variations. In the Noiemalu district on Viti Levu the instrument was called an bati (mbati is an old-fashioned spelling) and was shaped like a very small adze, with the blade made from a lemon tree thorn. A wau (mallet) made from mbeta wood tapped the back of the bati, which punctured the skin.^[14] The handle was made from reed.^[10] Also on Viti Levu, but in the district of the Wainimala River, a different approach was taken; there, the skin was punctured and ink made from the Acacia richii was then rubbed into the wound. This was in contrast to other methods, where a blade was dipped in the ink.^[14] Other materials used to puncture the skin included barracuda or shark teeth, or a sharp-toothed comb made from bone or turtle shell.^[10] In Rewasau, the ink was made from the Kauri pine.^[14] An ink made from soot from burnt candlenuts was reserved for women of high social status.^[7] In Lau, the jitolo (mallet) was made from hibiscus wood; other materials for the mallets also included sting ray tail spines.^[10]:45 The ink was also blessed with prayers to the gods prior to the process.^[10]:60 Some dauveiqia, such as Rabali, used soot to draw designs on the bodies prior to beginning to tattoo.^[10]:153

The tools were usually used specifically for one woman's veiqia, so for women in Viti Levu they were given to the subject's mother, who kept them with other special objects from the young woman's childhood - such as her umbilical cord.^[10]:48 For woman from Vanua Levu, the masi (cloth used to wipe away blood and excess ink) was kept and then taken out to sea as part of a fishing trip and thrown in the water, followed by a blessing usually given by the young woman's grandmother.^[10]:48

For qia gusu (mouth tattoos), an 1878 account on Vita Levu described how a woman's head was held still whilst lemon thorns fastened to a reed were used to incise either side of her mouth using an ink made from the gum of Agathis vitiensis. For some women in other areas of Fiji, such as Nagadi, women were tattooed all round their mouths, not just in the corners.^[10]:52

The veiqia, especially at the mouth, might be altered at other stages of women's lives, such as childbirth - the length of the liku would also be extended. Young women from families of the chief would receive the veiqia and the liku when they were older than those of a lower social status.^[7]

The veiqia designs were geometric and similar to those printed onto barkcloth or incised onto decorated weapons, such as clubs.^[14] The designs are meaningful and express cultural identity through their forms.^[13]

Regional variation was once more a factor, with veiqia patterns more elaborate inland, according to Constance Gordon-Cumming. She reported that women at the coast only had "an exceedingly small display of tattooing ... so much as was compulsory".^[10]:46

For Fijian people, veiqia did not just sumbolise a woman's maturity - whether at pubsecence, marriage or motherhood, but were also seen to make women more beautiful. If a woman were to be untattooed, she would have been viewed by wider Fijian society as unusual. Indeed they might be unable to find a husband. This was view was described in 1908 to Thomson by Vatureba, who was chief of Nakasaleka on Viti Levu, who reportedly said that "the idea of marriage with an untattooed woman filled him with disgust". He also perceived women with tattoos as more sexually passionate.^[10]:53 If a woman died who had not received veiqia, at burial her body was painted with designs so that the gods would not punish her in the afterlife.^[7]

The process of acquiring veiqia was undoubtedly painful, and the suffering the women underwent was important to the process, since it was seen that toleration of the pain transfrormed the young women between life stages. Indeed, veiqia were a soure of rpide for women.^[10]:55

With the activities of missionaries and the introduction of Christianity, especially Methodism, veiqia was strongly discouraged, with those bearing the designs reportedly victimised.^[17] Fijian women were encouraged to adopt "Christian dress", by missionaries who equated European clothing with ideas of dignity.^[7] As a result the practice began to become less common from the 1850s onwards.^[18] The Australian newspaper, Evening News, reported in 1871 that five women were fined ten shillings for "tattooing a woman from the mountains".^[19] However by 1874 Fiji was part of the British Empire, and to some extent colonial administrators felt that the practice should be tolerated: citing that it was missionaries who often told Fijian women their tattoos were not allowed.^[10]:108

British colonial administrator, Adolph Brewster, published Hill Tribes of Fiji in 1922, in which he recalled how when he arrived in Rewa and Mbua in 1870, middle-aged and older women were tattooed, but younger women were not.^[20] Whilst Brewster described the small elliptical mouth tattoos as "rougeish", he regarded the broader sweeps around the mouth as a "disfigurement".^[21]

However, the practice did continue, in secret, in several remote locations until the early twentieth century.^[17] One location was Bua province, where one of the last women to be tattooed was Bu Anaseini Diroko.^[17] By 1933, another colonial administrator, George Kingsley Roth wrote that tattooing Fiji was "a past art", although it went on "surreptitiously" in the provinces of Ra and Mathuata.^[14]

It is important to also acknowledge that the history and practice of veiqia was largely recorded by people who were not indigenous to Fiji.^[22] One example is anthropologist Anne Buckland, who published an article in 1888 which discussed the transmission of tattooing from Fiji to Samoa.^[23] Another example is Theodor Kleinschmidt who many several drawings of veiqia, using them as evidence that the patterns created by inland inhabitants of Viti Levu were more elaborate than those of coastal communities.^[10]:106 Women he drew included: Ra enge and her veiqia, qia gusu and other body modifications; Nundua and her veiqia and qia gusu.^[10]:140

During the nineteenth century, liku and records of veiqia began to be collected by non-Fijians.^[7] As anthropologist Karen Jacobs has observed "the tattooed body is hard to collect".^[7] The largest record of veiqia was made by Anatole von Hügel, who became the first curator of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (MAA) in Cambridge (UK), where the archive is held.^[7] Whilst von Hügel made drawings in the field, Fijian women also drew and recorded veiqia for him.^[7] Through careful comparison of archival drawings and von Hügel's notebooks, objects and drawings have been connected with the names of women whose veiqia were recorded.^[7] One woman, Laniana, whose veiqia are recorded, also travelled with von Hügel from 1875 to 1876.^[7] Other women mentioned by von Hügel included: Yasenati, who had a turtle motif on her cheek; Tikini with firestick motifs on her arms; amongst others.^[10]:142 Von Hügel was also tattoed himself by some Fijian women, and tools that were used ate in the MAA collection.^[10]:147

In 1981, director of the Fiji Museum, Fergus Clunie, and his colleague Walesi Ligairi, recorded the veiqia of five eighty-year-old women at Vanua Levu. The women were all tattooed between 1908 and 1911 by Rabali, who was known as the "last daubauti".^[7] The women chose to be anonymised once the record of their veiqia was created, in order to spare their families from perceived embarrassment.^[7]

The South Australia Museum has bati (tattooing instruments) in its collection.^[13] Other museums which have also collected similar material include the Auckland Museum, New Zealand;^[12] the Pitt Rivers Museum, UK;^[8] and the Peabody Essex Museum, USA.^[7] The Peabody includes the collection of Benjamin Vanderford, who was captain of a trading vessel, and collected what is likely to be the earliest known liku.^[10]:69 The United States Exploring Expedition (1840-1842) expanded knowledge of veiqia through collecting, many of those objects are held in the Smithsonian.^[10]:79

In 2015 curators Tarisi Vunidilo and Ema Tavola, alongside artists Joana Monolagi, Donita Hulme, Margaret Aull, Luisa Tora,^[24] and Dulcie Stewart (great-great-granddaughter of Bu Anaseini Diroko who was tattooed in the early twentieth century),^[17] undertook a research project to greater understand veiqia and its personal significance for them.^[24] Working as a collective, under the title The Veiqia Project, the group travelled to Suv, Fiji, to examine museum collections and speak to community leaders.^[25] Their works were exhibited at the St Paul Street Gallery in Auckland (New Zealand) in 2016.^[24] In 2017 the collective held an exhibition on veiqia at the Fiji Museum.^[26] A further instalment of the collective's work, curated by Luisa Tora, was exhibited in Christchurch in 2021, and was entitled iLakolako ni weniqia: a Veiqia Project Exhibition.^[27]

The work of The Veiqia Project has sparked a revival interest in the tattooing practice, and a number of younger Fijian women in particular are adopting the veiqia.^[27] Modern dauveiqia include Julia Mage’au Gray.^[27] Ema Tavola also designed a tattoo for Margaret Aull to mark the death of her grandmother.^[10]:158

• Radio NZ: The Traditional Fijian Female Tattooing Practice of Veiqia