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Jimsar County

Coordinates: 43°59′N 89°04′E / 43.983°N 89.067°E / 43.983; 89.067
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Jimsar County
吉木萨尔县 (Chinese)
جىمىسار ناھىيىسى (Uyghur)
Jimasa; Fuyuan
Location of Jimsar County (pink) in Changji Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang (light grey)
Location of Jimsar County (pink) in Changji Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang (light grey)
Jimsar County is located in Dzungaria
Jimsar County
Jimsar County
Jimsar County is located in Xinjiang
Jimsar County
Jimsar County
Jimsar County is located in China
Jimsar County
Jimsar County
Coordinates: 43°59′N 89°04′E / 43.983°N 89.067°E / 43.983; 89.067
CountryChina
Autonomous regionXinjiang
Autonomous prefectureChangji
Township-level divisions4 towns
4 townships
County seatJimsar Town
Area
 • Total8,140.84 km2 (3,143.20 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total153,197
 • Density19/km2 (49/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard[a])
Websitewww.jmser.gov.cn
Jimsar County
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese吉木萨尔县
Traditional Chinese吉木薩爾縣
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJímùsà'ěr Xiàn
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjingݣِ‌مُ‌سَاعَر ثِیًا‎
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese孚远县
Traditional Chinese孚遠縣
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinFúyuǎn Xiàn
Uyghur name
Uyghurجىمىسار ناھىيىسى
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiJimisar nahiyisi
Yengi YeziⱪJimisar nah̡iyisi
SASM/GNCJimisar nahiyisi
Siril YëziqiҖимисар наһийиси

Jimsar County is a county in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. It contains an area of 8,149 km2 (3,146 sq mi). According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.

Near the town of Jimsar are the ruins of the ancient city of Beiting (Chinese: 北庭; pinyin: Běitíng) or Ting Prefecture (Chinese: 庭州; pinyin: Tíngzhōu), the headquarters of the Beiting Protectorate during the 8th century. It was later known as Beshbalik (Chinese: 别失八里) and became one of the capitals of the Uyghur Khaganate and then the Kingdom of Qocho.

History

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The name Beshbalik first appears in history in the description of the events of 713 in the Turkic Kul Tigin inscription.[2] It was one of the largest of five towns in the Uyghur Khaganate.[3] The Tibetans briefly held the city in 790.[4] Established in 1902 as a county, it was known as Fuyuan (孚远) until 1952, when its name was changed to Jimsar.

The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; It is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyq. "Balıq" means city in Old Turkic language, so the meaning of Beshbalik/Beshbalyq is "Five cities". This city name appeared in Yuan dynasty record as both 五城(Wǔ Chéng, means 5 cities) or 别失八里(bié shī bā lǐ). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the Yenisei Kirghiz attack on the Uyghur northern capital Karabalgasun (Khanbalyk).

After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840,[5] where they founded the Kingdom of Qocho. The Uyghurs submitted to Genghis Khan in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his Mongol queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the Mongol Empire in the first half of the 13th century.[6] Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).[7] Due to military struggles between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty during the reign of Kublai Khan, the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The History of Yuan records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.[8]

Jimsar city was established in the south of the ruins of Beshbalik.[9]

Subdivisions

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Jimsar County is made up of 6 towns and 3 townships.

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Administrative division code
Towns
Jimsar Town 吉木萨尔镇 Jímùsà'ěr Zhèn جىمسار بازىرى jimsar baziri 652327100
Santai Town 三台镇 Sāntái Zhèn سەنتەي بازىرى sentey baziri 652327101
Quanzijie Town 泉子街镇 Quánzǐjiē Zhèn چۈەنزىگەي بازىرى chüenzigey baziri 652327102
Beiting Town 北庭镇 Běitíng Zhèn بېيتىڭ بازىرى bëyting baziri 652327103
Ergong Town 二工镇 Èrgōng Zhèn ئەرگۇڭ بازىرى Ergung baziri 652327104
Dayou Town 大有镇 Dàyǒu Zhèn دايۇ بازىرى dayu baziri 652327105
Townships
Qingyanghu Township 庆阳湖乡 Qìngyánghú Xiāng چىڭياڭخۇ يېزىسى chingyangxu yëzisi 652327202
Laotai Township 老台乡 Lǎotái Xiāng لاۋتەي يېزىسى lawtey yëzisi 652327203
Xindi Township 新地乡 Xīndì Xiāng شىندى يېزىسى shindi yëzisi 652327205

Climate

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Climate data for Jimsar, elevation 743 m (2,438 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2)
7.9
(46.2)
26.8
(80.2)
34.2
(93.6)
36.6
(97.9)
39.2
(102.6)
41.6
(106.9)
40.2
(104.4)
38.2
(100.8)
31.2
(88.2)
24.0
(75.2)
11.4
(52.5)
41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8)
−5.0
(23.0)
6.4
(43.5)
19.4
(66.9)
25.5
(77.9)
30.3
(86.5)
31.9
(89.4)
30.8
(87.4)
25.1
(77.2)
15.9
(60.6)
3.9
(39.0)
−6.4
(20.5)
14.1
(57.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −14.4
(6.1)
−10.3
(13.5)
0.8
(33.4)
12.6
(54.7)
18.7
(65.7)
23.9
(75.0)
25.5
(77.9)
23.9
(75.0)
17.8
(64.0)
9.0
(48.2)
−1.3
(29.7)
−11.3
(11.7)
7.9
(46.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −18.1
(−0.6)
−14.3
(6.3)
−3.5
(25.7)
6.8
(44.2)
12.4
(54.3)
17.9
(64.2)
19.7
(67.5)
17.9
(64.2)
11.8
(53.2)
4.1
(39.4)
−5.0
(23.0)
−14.7
(5.5)
2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −33.7
(−28.7)
−31.4
(−24.5)
−25.7
(−14.3)
−8.9
(16.0)
−2.0
(28.4)
4.2
(39.6)
10.3
(50.5)
4.4
(39.9)
−1.6
(29.1)
−10.3
(13.5)
−27.3
(−17.1)
−33.8
(−28.8)
−33.8
(−28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.1
(0.28)
7.0
(0.28)
10.6
(0.42)
15.2
(0.60)
21.0
(0.83)
21.5
(0.85)
31.5
(1.24)
30.3
(1.19)
16.5
(0.65)
13.2
(0.52)
12.9
(0.51)
11.4
(0.45)
198.2
(7.82)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.5 5.6 4.6 5.5 5.9 6.5 8.1 5.9 4.2 4.4 5.8 7.6 70.6
Average snowy days 13.4 11.4 6.3 2.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 1.3 7.3 13.7 55.7
Average relative humidity (%) 79 78 66 43 39 39 42 42 43 55 72 80 57
Mean monthly sunshine hours 132.8 157.0 227.1 260.3 299.1 292.7 293.6 288.9 266.5 231.2 156.7 117.5 2,723.4
Percent possible sunshine 46 52 60 64 65 63 63 68 73 69 55 43 60
Source: China Meteorological Administration[10][11]

Notes and references

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  1. ^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.
  1. ^ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
  2. ^ Bosworth, M.S.Asimov-History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, Part 2, p.578
  3. ^ C. E. Bosworth, M.S.Asimov, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, Part 2, p.578, line-23
  4. ^ Denis Sinor-The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, Volume 1, p.319
  5. ^ C. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 148, 159
  6. ^ Jack Weatherford, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
  7. ^ Morris Rossabi (1983). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries. University of California Press. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-520-04562-0.
  8. ^ Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 1 December 2014.Bretschneider, E. (1876). "ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia". Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. The Branch. pp. 79–80. Retrieved 1 December 2014.Bretschneider, E.; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1876). "ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia". Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. Kelly & Walsh. pp. 79–80. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  9. ^ Paul Allan Mirecki, Jason BeDuhn, Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources, p. 106
  10. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  11. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

References

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