Isotopes of ytterbium
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Yb) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes:[n 1] 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb (t1/2 46 seconds).
The isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 187Yb. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 174Yb are isotopes of thulium, and the primary products after are isotopes of lutetium. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose–Einstein statistics or Fermi–Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.
List of isotopes
[edit]Nuclide [n 2] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[4] [n 3][n 4] |
Half-life[1] [n 5] |
Decay mode[1] [n 6] |
Daughter isotope [n 7] |
Spin and parity[1] [n 5] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
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Excitation energy[n 5] | Normal proportion[1] | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
149Yb | 70 | 79 | 148.96422(32)# | 0.7(2) s | β+, p | 148Er | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 149Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
150Yb | 70 | 80 | 149.95831(32)# | 700# ms [>200 ns] | β+? | 150Tm? | 0+ | ||||||||||||
151Yb | 70 | 81 | 150.95540(32) | 1.6(5) s | β+ | 151Tm | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (rare) | 150Er | ||||||||||||||||||
151m1Yb | 740(100)# keV | 1.6(5) s | β+ | 151Tm | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
β+, p (rare) | 150Er | ||||||||||||||||||
151m2Yb | 2630(141)# keV | 2.6(7) ��s | IT | 151Yb | 19/2−# | ||||||||||||||
151m3Yb | 3287(141)# keV | 20(1) μs | IT | 151Yb | 27/2−# | ||||||||||||||
152Yb | 70 | 82 | 151.95033(16) | 3.03(6) s | β+ | 152Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
152mYb | 2744.5(10) keV | 30(1) μs | IT | 152Yb | (10+) | ||||||||||||||
153Yb | 70 | 83 | 152.94937(22)# | 4.2(2) s | β+ | 153Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
β+, p (0.008%) | 152Er | ||||||||||||||||||
153mYb | 2630(50)# keV | 15(1) μs | IT | 153Yb | 27/2− | ||||||||||||||
154Yb | 70 | 84 | 153.946396(19) | 0.409(2) s | α (92.6%) | 150Er | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (7.4%) | 154Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
155Yb | 70 | 85 | 154.945783(18) | 1.793(20) s | α (89%) | 151Er | (7/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (11%) | 155Tm | ||||||||||||||||||
156Yb | 70 | 86 | 155.942817(10) | 26.1(7) s | β+ (90%) | 156Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (10%) | 152Er | ||||||||||||||||||
157Yb | 70 | 87 | 156.942651(12) | 38.6(10) s | β+ | 157Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
α (rare) | 153Er | ||||||||||||||||||
158Yb | 70 | 88 | 157.939871(9) | 1.49(13) min | β+ (99.99%) | 158Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (.0021%) | 154Er | ||||||||||||||||||
159Yb | 70 | 89 | 158.940060(19) | 1.67(9) min | β+ | 159Tm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
160Yb | 70 | 90 | 159.937559(6) | 4.8(2) min | β+ | 160Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
161Yb | 70 | 91 | 160.937912(16) | 4.2(2) min | β+ | 161Tm | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
162Yb | 70 | 92 | 161.935779(16) | 18.87(19) min | β+ | 162Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
163Yb | 70 | 93 | 162.936345(16) | 11.05(35) min | β+ | 163Tm | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
164Yb | 70 | 94 | 163.934501(16) | 75.8(17) min | EC | 164Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
165Yb | 70 | 95 | 164.935270(28) | 9.9(3) min | β+ | 165Tm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
165mYb | 126.80(9) keV | 300(30) ns | IT | 165Yb | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||||
166Yb | 70 | 96 | 165.933876(8) | 56.7(1) h | EC | 166Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||
167Yb | 70 | 97 | 166.934954(4) | 17.5(2) min | β+ | 167Tm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
167mYb | 571.548(22) keV | ~180 ns | IT | 167Yb | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
168Yb | 70 | 98 | 167.9338913(1) | Observationally Stable[n 8] | 0+ | 0.00123(3) | |||||||||||||
169Yb | 70 | 99 | 168.93518421(19) | 32.014(5) d | EC | 169Tm | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
169mYb | 24.1999(16) keV | 46(2) s | IT | 169Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
170Yb | 70 | 100 | 169.934767243(11) | Observationally Stable[n 9] | 0+ | 0.02982(39) | |||||||||||||
170mYb | 1258.46(14) keV | 370(15) ns | IT | 170Yb | 4− | ||||||||||||||
171Yb | 70 | 101 | 170.936331515(14) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 1/2− | 0.14086(140) | |||||||||||||
171m1Yb | 95.282(2) keV | 5.25(24) ms | IT | 171Yb | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
171m2Yb | 122.416(2) keV | 265(20) ns | IT | 171Yb | 5/2− | ||||||||||||||
172Yb | 70 | 102 | 171.936386654(15) | Observationally Stable[n 11] | 0+ | 0.21686(130) | |||||||||||||
172mYb | 1550.43(6) keV | 3.6(1) μs | IT | 172Yb | 6− | ||||||||||||||
173Yb | 70 | 103 | 172.938216212(12) | Observationally Stable[n 12] | 5/2− | 0.16103(63) | |||||||||||||
173mYb | 398.9(5) keV | 2.9(1) μs | IT | 173Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
174Yb | 70 | 104 | 173.938867546(12) | Observationally Stable[n 13] | 0+ | 0.32025(80) | |||||||||||||
174m1Yb | 1518.148(13) keV | 830(40) μs | IT | 174Yb | 6+ | ||||||||||||||
174m2Yb | 1765.2(5) keV | 256(11) ns | IT | 174Yb | 7− | ||||||||||||||
175Yb | 70 | 105 | 174.94128191(8) | 4.185(1) d | β− | 175Lu | 7/2− | ||||||||||||
175mYb | 514.866(4) keV | 68.2(3) ms | IT | 175Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
176Yb | 70 | 106 | 175.942574706(16) | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 0+ | 0.12995(83) | |||||||||||||
176mYb | 1049.8(6) keV | 11.4(3) s | IT | 176Yb | 8− | ||||||||||||||
β− (<10#%) | 176Lu | ||||||||||||||||||
177Yb | 70 | 107 | 176.94526385(24) | 1.911(3) h | β− | 177Lu | 9/2+ | ||||||||||||
177mYb | 331.5(3) keV | 6.41(2) s | IT | 177Yb | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||
178Yb | 70 | 108 | 177.946669(7) | 74(3) min | β− | 178Lu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
179Yb | 70 | 109 | 178.94993(22)# | 8.0(4) min | β− | 179Lu | (1/2−) | ||||||||||||
180Yb | 70 | 110 | 179.95199(32)# | 2.4(5) min | β− | 180Lu | 0+ | ||||||||||||
181Yb | 70 | 111 | 180.95589(32)# | 1# min [>300 ns] | β−? | 181Lu? | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
182Yb[n 15] | 70 | 112 | 181.95824(43)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 182Lu? | 0+ | ||||||||||||
183Yb | 70 | 113 | 182.96243(43)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 183Lu? | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
184Yb | 70 | 114 | 183.96500(54)# | 7# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 184Lu? | 0+ | ||||||||||||
185Yb | 70 | 115 | 184.96943(54)# | 5# s [>300 ns] | β−? | 185Lu? | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||
186Yb[5] | 70 | 116 | 0+ | ||||||||||||||||
187Yb[5] | 70 | 117 | |||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ However, all seven of the isotopes are observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but decay has not been observed yet.
- ^ mYb – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 164Er or β+β+ decay to 168Er with a half-life over 130×1012 years
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 166Er
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 167Er
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 168Er
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 169Er
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 170Er
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 172Er or β−β− decay to 176Hf with a half-life over 160×1015 years
- ^ Cluster decay daughter of 232Th
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Ytterbium". CIAAW. 2015.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
- ^ a b Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of 198Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.