Bahasa Koptik
Bahasa Koptik (bahasa Kubti, bahasa Qibti, atau bahasa Mesir Koptik;[6] Met.Remenkīmi) merupakan salah satu bahasa dalam rumpun bahasa Afro-Asia.[7] Bahasa ini merupakan tahap bahasa terakhir dari bahasa Mesir yang digunakan di Mesir bagian utara sampai setidaknya abad ke-17 M. Bahasa Mesir mulai ditulis dalam alfabet Yunani pada abad pertama M. Sistem penulisan terbaru adalah alfabet Koptik, adaptasi dari alfabet Yunani dengan tambahan enam sampai tujuh tanda dari bahasa Demotik untuk mewakili fonem bahasa Mesir yang tidak terdapat dalam bahasa Yunani. Beberapa perbedaan dialek Koptik diketahui, yang paling utama adalah Sahidik dan Bohairik.
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coptic_luke_%28ch._5-5-9%29%2C_8th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XX%29.jpg/220px-Coptic_luke_%28ch._5-5-9%29%2C_8th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XX%29.jpg)
Dalam tahap perkembangan bahasa Mesir, Koptik dan Demotik cukup lekat dalam tata bahasanya dengan bahasa Mesir Akhir, yang telah ditulis dalam naskah hieroglif, tetapi sangat berbeda dalam penggambaran grafiknya. Koptik berkembang sebagai bahasa kesusasteraan sejak abad ke-2 sampai abad ke-13 SM, dan dialek Bohairik tetap menjadi bahasa liturgi Gereja Ortodoks Koptik Aleksandria. Bahasa Koptik digantikan oleh bahasa Arab Mesir sebagai bahasa sehari-hari sampai sekarang, walaupun beberapa usaha membangkitkan kembali bahasa ini telah berlangsung sejak abad ke-19.
Dialek
suntingDialek dalam bahasa Koptik meliputi dialek Sahidik, dialek Bohairik, dialek Akhmimik, dialek Fayyumik dan dialek Mesokemik.[butuh rujukan]
Referensi
sunting- ^ https://www.newsweek.com/sounds-silence-160761.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Koptik". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ "Bahasa Koptik". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ Reintges, Chris H. (2004). Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic Dialect). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-570-3.
- ^ Nasution, Sahkholid (2017). Kholison, Moh., ed. Pengantar Linguistik Bahasa Arab (PDF). Sidoarjo: CV. Lisan Arabi. hlm. 62. ISBN 978-602-70113-8-0.
Lihat pula
suntingPustaka tambahan
suntingStudi umum
sunting- Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.
- Gessman, A. M. (1976). "The Birth of the Coptic Script". University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14. 2–3.
- Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169–188.
- Kasser, Radolphe. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87–96.
- Wolfgang Kosack. Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
- Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Polotsky, Hans Jakob. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.
Gramatika
sunting- Chaîne, Marius. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
- Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. Koptisch – Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
- Jernstedt, Peter V. 1927. Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts. 'Comptes rendus de l'Academice des Sciences de l'Union République Soviétique Socialistes. 2, 69-74.
- Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.
- Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1.
- Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.
- Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.
- Plumley, John Martin. 1948. Introductory Coptic Grammar Diarsipkan 2014-03-29 di Wayback Machine.. London: Home & Van Thal.
- Polotsky, Hans Jakob. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.
- Reintges Chris H. 2004. Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic dialect): a learner's grammar. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Reintges, Chris H. 2010. Coordination, converbs, and clause-chaining in Coptic Egyptian typology. in Isabelle Bril, ed. Clause linking and clause hierarchy Studies in Language Companion Series 128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, ISBN 978-90-272-0588-9.
- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.
- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.
- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.
- Tattam, Henry, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863)
- Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
- Vergote, Jozef. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.
- Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.
Kamus
sunting- Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Crum, Walter Ewing. 1939. A Coptic Dictionary Diarsipkan 2014-04-23 di Wayback Machine.. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted by Sandpiper Books Ltd, London & Powells Books, Chicago, 2000.
- Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7.
- Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
- Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Fonologi
sunting- Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375.
- Greenberg, Joseph H (originally published 1962). The interpretation of the Coptic vowel system. In: On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg. Eds: K Denning & S Kemmer. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990: 428-438
- Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460.
- Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.
Pustaka
sunting- Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)
- Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2.
- Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.
Pranala luar
sunting- By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts
- France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site.
- Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology
- ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧⲟ Diarsipkan 2021-03-08 di Wayback Machine.: Coptic language internet links Diarsipkan 2021-03-07 di Wayback Machine. and bibliography Diarsipkan 2021-03-08 di Wayback Machine.
- Coptica.ch Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)
- New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range
- Online Coptic tutorial
- A comprehensive Coptic language resource Diarsipkan 2017-05-21 di Wayback Machine. (Remenkimi)
- Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard
- Heike Behlmer, Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language Diarsipkan 2006-08-19 di Wayback Machine.
- Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library Diarsipkan 2007-10-11 di Wayback Machine.
- Ifao N Copte – A professional Coptic font for researchers.
- a set of Coptic Unicode fonts Diarsipkan 2013-06-04 di Wayback Machine.
- GNU FreeFont—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.