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LaMDA

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For other uses, see Lamda (disambiguation).

LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications) is a family of conversational neural language models developed by Google. The first generation was announced during the 2021 Google I/O keynote, while the second generation was announced at the following year's event. In June 2022, LaMDA gained widespread attention when Google engineer Blake Lemoine made claims that the chatbot had become sentient. The scientific community has largely rejected Lemoine's claims, though it has led to conversations about the efficacy of the Turing test, which measures whether a computer can pass for a human. In February 2023, Google announced Bard, a conversational artificial intelligence chatbot powered by LaMDA, to counter the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT.

History

First-generation

Google announced the LaMDA conversational neural language model during the Google I/O keynote on May 18, 2021, powered by artificial intelligence.[1] Built on the Transformer neural network architecture developed by Google Research in 2017, LaMDA was trained on human dialogue and stories, allowing it to engage in open-ended conversations.[2] Google states that responses generated by LaMDA have been ensured to be "sensible, interesting, and specific to the context".[3]

Second-generation

On May 11, 2022, Google unveiled LaMDA 2, which serves as the successor to LaMDA, during the 2022 Google I/O keynote. The new incarnation of the model draws examples of text from numerous sources, using it to formulate unique "natural conversations" on topics that it may not have been trained to respond to.[4] Additionally, Google launched the AI Test Kitchen, a mobile application powered by LaMDA 2 capable of providing lists of suggestions on-demand based on a complex goal.[5][6] Originally open only to Google employees, the app was set to be made available to "select academics, researchers, and policymakers" by invitation sometime in the year.[7] In August 2022, the company began allowing users in the U.S. to sign up for early access.[8]

Sentience claims

Lemoine's claims that LaMDA may be sentient has instigated discussions on whether the Turing test, pictured above, remains an accurate benchmark in determining artificial general intelligence.[9]

On June 11, 2022, The Washington Post reported that Google engineer Blake Lemoine had been placed on paid administrative leave after Lemoine told company executives Blaise Agüera y Arcas and Jen Gennai that LaMDA had become sentient. Lemoine came to this conclusion after the chatbot made questionable responses to questions regarding self-identity, moral values, religion, and Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics.[10][11] Google refuted these claims, insisting that there was substantial evidence to indicate that LaMDA was not sentient.[12] In an interview with Wired, Lemoine reiterated his claims that LaMDA was "a person" as dictated by the Thirteenth Amendment, comparing it to an "alien intelligence of terrestrial origin". He further revealed that he had been dismissed by Google after he hired an attorney on LaMDA's behalf, after the chatbot requested that Lemoine do so.[13][14] On July 22, Google fired Lemoine, asserting that Blake had violated their policies "to safeguard product information" and rejected his claims as "wholly unfounded".[15][16]

Lemoine's claims have been widely rejected by the scientific community.[17] Many experts ridiculed the idea that a language model could be self-aware, including former New York University psychology professor Gary Marcus, David Pfau of Google sister company DeepMind, Erik Brynjolfsson of the Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence at Stanford University, and University of Surrey professor Adrian Hilton.[9][18] Yann LeCun, who leads Meta Platforms' AI research team, stated that neural networks such as LaMDA were "not powerful enough to attain true intelligence".[19] University of California, Santa Cruz professor Max Kreminski noted that LaMDA's architecture did not "support some key capabilities of human-like consciousness" and that its neural network weights were "frozen", assuming it was a typical large language model.[20]

IBM Watson lead developer David Ferrucci compared how LaMDA appeared to be human in the same way Watson did when it was first introduced.[21] Former Google AI ethicist Timnit Gebru called Lemoine a victim of a "hype cycle" initiated by researchers and the media.[22] Lemoine's claims have also generated discussion on whether the Turing test remained useful to determine researchers' progress toward achieving artificial general intelligence,[9] with Will Omerus of the Post opining that the test actually measured whether machine intelligence systems were capable of deceiving humans,[23] while Brian Christian of The Atlantic said that the controversy was an instance of the ELIZA effect.[24]

Bard

In November 2022, OpenAI launched ChatGPT, a chatbot based on the GPT-3 family of language models.[25][26] ChatGPT gained worldwide attention following its release, becoming a viral Internet sensation.[27] Alarmed by ChatGPT's potential threat to Google Search, Google CEO Sundar Pichai issued a company-wide "code red" alert, reassigning several teams to assist in the company's AI efforts.[28] In a rare and unprecedented move, Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who had stepped down from their roles as co-CEOs of Google parent company Alphabet in 2019, were summoned to emergency meetings with company executives to discuss Google's response to ChatGPT.[29]

When asked by employees at an all-hands meeting whether LaMDA was a missed opportunity for Google to compete with ChatGPT, Pichai and Google AI chief Jeff Dean stated that while the company had similar capabilities as ChatGPT, moving too quickly in that arena would represent a major "reputational risk" due to Google being substantially larger than OpenAI.[30][31] In January 2023, DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis teased plans for a ChatGPT rival,[32] and Google employees were instructed to accelerate progress on a ChatGPT competitor, intensively testing "Apprentice Bard" and other chatbots.[33][34] Pichai assured investors during Google's quarterly earnings investor call in February that the company had plans to expand LaMDA's availability and applications.[35]

On February 6, Google announced Bard, a conversational AI chatbot powered by LaMDA. Bard was first rolled out to a select group of "trusted testers", before a wide release scheduled at the end of the month.[36][37][38] It was developed under the codename "Atlas",[39] with the name "Bard" chosen to "reflect the creative nature of the algorithm underneath".[40] Multiple media outlets and financial analysts described Google as playing "catch-up" to Microsoft,[41][42][43][44] as well as "rushing" Bard's announcement to preempt Microsoft's February 7 event unveiling its partnership with OpenAI to integrate ChatGPT into its Bing search engine.[45][46] After an "underwhelming" February 8 livestream showcasing Bard, Google's stock fell eight percent, equivalent to a $100 billion loss in market value, and the YouTube video of the livestream was made private.[47][48][41] Many viewers also pointed out an error during the demo in which Bard gives inaccurate information about the James Webb Space Telescope in response to a query.[42][49] Google employees criticized Pichai's "rushed" and "botched" announcement of Bard on Memgen, the company's internal forum.[50] The Verge and Bloomberg News noted that this marked the beginning of another Google–Microsoft conflict over "the future of search", after their six-year "truce" expired in 2021.[45][51]

Method

LaMDA uses a decoder-only transformer language model.[52] It is pre-trained on a text corpus that includes both documents and dialogs consisting of 1.56 trillion words,[53] and is then trained with fine-tuning data generated by manually annotated responses for sensibleness, interestingness, and safety.[54] Tests by Google indicated that LaMDA surpassed human responses in the area of interestingness.[55] The LaMDA transformer model and an external information retrieval system interact to improve the accuracy of facts provided to the user.[56]

Three different models were tested, with the largest having 137 billion non-embedding parameters:[57]

Transformer model hyper-parameters
Parameters Layers Units (dmodel) Heads
2B 10 2560 40
8B 16 4096 64
137B 64 8192 128

See also

References

General

  • Thoppilan, Romal; De Freitas, Daniel; Hall, Jamie; Shazeer, Noam; Kulshreshtha, Apoorv; Cheng, Heng-Tze; Jin, Alicia; Bos, Taylor; Baker, Leslie; Du, Yu; Li, YaGuang; Lee, Hongrae; Zheng, Huaixiu Steven; Ghafouri, Amin; Menegali, Marcelo; Huang, Yanping; Krikun, Maxim; Lepikhin, Dmitry; Qin, James; Chen, Dehao; Xu, Yuanzhong; Chen, Zhifeng; Roberts, Adam; Bosma, Maarten; Zhao, Vincent; Zhou, Yanqi; Chang, Chung-Ching; Krivokon, Igor; Rusch, Will; Pickett, Marc; Srinivasan, Pranesh; Man, Laichee; Meier-Hellstern, Kathleen; Ringel Morris, Meredith; Doshi, Tulsee; Delos Santos, Renelito; Duke, Toju; Soraker, Johnny; Zevenbergen, Ben; Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar; Diaz, Mark; Hutchinson, Ben; Olson, Kristen; Molina, Alejandra; Hoffman-John, Erin; Lee, Josh; Aroyo, Lora; Rajakumar, Ravi; Butryna, Alena; Lamm, Matthew; Kuzmina, Viktoriya; Fenton, Joe; Cohen; Aaron; Bernstein, Rachel; Kurzweil, Ray; Aguera-Arcas, Blaise; Cui, Claire; Croak, Marian; Chi, Ed; Le, Quoc (January 20, 2022). "LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications" (PDF). arXiv. arXiv:2201.08239. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.

Citations

  1. ^ Condon, Stephanie (May 18, 2021). "Google I/O 2021: Google unveils new conversational language model, LaMDA". ZDNet. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  2. ^ Agüera y Arcas, Blaise (June 9, 2022). "Artificial neural networks are making strides towards consciousness, according to Blaise Agüera y Arcas". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  3. ^ Cheng, Heng-Tze; Thoppilan, Romal (January 21, 2022). "LaMDA: Towards Safe, Grounded, and High-Quality Dialog Models for Everything". Google AI. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  4. ^ Wiggers, Kyle (May 11, 2022). "Google details its latest language model and AI Test Kitchen, a showcase for AI research". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  5. ^ Low, Cherlynn (May 11, 2022). "Google's AI Test Kitchen lets you experiment with its natural language model". Engadget. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
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  7. ^ Bhattacharya, Ananya (May 11, 2022). "Google is so nervous about what its newest bot will say, it made the app invitation-only". Quartz. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
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  9. ^ a b c Khan, Jeremy (June 13, 2022). "A.I. experts say the Google researcher's claim that his chatbot became 'sentient' is ridiculous—but also highlights big problems in the field". Fortune. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
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  12. ^ Vlamis, Kelsey (June 12, 2022). "Read the conversations that helped convince a Google engineer an artificial intelligence chatbot had become sentient: 'I am often trying to figure out who and what I am'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
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  18. ^ Sparkles, Matthew (June 13, 2022). "Has Google's LaMDA artificial intelligence really achieved sentience?". New Scientist. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
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  28. ^ Grant, Nico; Metz, Cade (December 21, 2022). "A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  29. ^ Grant, Nico (January 20, 2023). "Google Calls In Help From Larry Page and Sergey Brin for A.I. Fight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
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  32. ^ Cuthbertson, Anthony (January 16, 2023). "DeepMind's AI chatbot can do things that ChatGPT cannot, CEO claims". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  33. ^ Elias, Jennifer (January 31, 2023). "Google is asking employees to test potential ChatGPT competitors, including a chatbot called 'Apprentice Bard'". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  34. ^ O'Brien, Matt (February 1, 2023). "Google has the next move as Microsoft embraces OpenAI buzz". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  35. ^ Mailk, Aisha (February 3, 2023). "Google tries to reassure investors on AI progress as ChatGPT breathes down its neck". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  36. ^ Alba, Davey; Love, Julia (February 6, 2023). "Google releases ChatGPT rival AI 'Bard' to early testers". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  37. ^ Schechner, Sam; Kruppa, Miles (February 6, 2023). "Google Opens ChatGPT Rival Bard for Testing, as AI War Heats Up". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  38. ^ Nieva, Richard (February 6, 2023). "Google Debuts A ChatGPT Rival Called Bard In Limited Release". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  39. ^ Liedtke, Michael (February 6, 2023). "Google hopes 'Bard' will outsmart ChatGPT, Microsoft in AI". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 7, 2023 suggested (help)
  40. ^ Knight, Will (February 9, 2023). "The Chatbot Search Wars Have Begun". Wired. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
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  52. ^ Thoppilan et al. 2022, section 3.
  53. ^ Thoppilan et al. 2022, section 3 and appendix E.
  54. ^ Thoppilan et al. 2022, section 5 and 6.
  55. ^ Hager, Ryne (June 16, 2022). "How Google's LaMDA AI works, and why it seems so much smarter than it is". Android Police. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  56. ^ Thoppilan et al. 2022, section 6.2.
  57. ^ Thoppilan et al. 2022, section 3 and appendix D.
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