Abwehr
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0157%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0157%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg)
Abwehr (pelafalan [ˈapveːɐ̯]) adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945.[1] Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen, Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, menamainya Abwehr.[2] Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing—peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat.[3] Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher, satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan, dan pada tahun 1929, dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan, yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr.
Setiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik-distrik militer, dan perwakilan dibuka di negara-negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang.[4] Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935, diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler, yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW. OKW menjadi bagian dari "staf pekerja" pribadi Führer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris.[5] Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, berdekatan dengan kantor OKW.
Kepala
[sunting | sunting sumber]№ | Kepala Abwehr | Mulai jabatan | Akhir jabatan | Lama menjabat | Dinas/cabang militer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Friedrich Gempp (1873–1947) | Kolonel1 Januari 1921 | Juni 1927 | 6 tahun, 5 bulan | ![]() | |
2 | Günther Schwantes (1881–1942) | MeiorJuni 1927 | Februari 1929 | 1 tahun, 8 bulan | ![]() | |
3 | Ferdinand von Bredow (1884–1934) | Letnan KolonelFebruari 1929 | 2 Juni 1932 | 3 tahun, 4 bulan | ![]() | |
4 | Conrad Patzig (1888–1975) | Laksamana Muda6 Juni 1932 | 1 Januari 1935 | 2 tahun, 209 hari | ![]() | |
5 | Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945) | Laksamana1 Januari 1935 | 12 Februari 1944 | 9 tahun, 42 hari | ![]() | |
6 | Georg Hansen (1904–1944) | Kolonel13 Februari 1944 | 1 Juni 1944 | 109 hari | ![]() | |
7 | Walter Schellenberg (1910–1952) | SS-Brigadeführer1 Juni 1944 | 4 Mei 1945 | 337 hari | ![]() | |
8 | Otto Skorzeny (1908–1975) | SS-Obersturmbannführer5 Mei 1945 | 8 Mei 1945 | 3 hari | ![]() |
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Plot 20 Juli
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- Perlawanan Jerman terhadap Nazisme
- Operasi Salaam
- Oskar Schindler, agen Abwehr
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Holmes 2009, hlm. 2.
- ^ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, hlm. 2.
- ^ Dear & Foot 1995, hlm. 1.
- ^ Taylor & Shaw 1997, hlm. 11.
- ^ Taylor 1995, hlm. 165.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Andrew, Christopher (2018). The Secret World: A History of Intelligence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30023-844-0.
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- Bassett, Richard (2011). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-450-6.
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- Brissaud, André. Canaris; the Biography of Admiral Canaris, Chief of German Military Intelligence in the Second World War. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1974. ISBN 978-0-44811-621-1
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- Herfeldt, Olav. Schwarze Kapelle. Spionage und Widerstand. Die Geschichte der Widerstansgruppe um Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Augsburg: Weltbild, 1990. ISBN 978-3-89350-077-2
- Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02528-8.
- Höhne, Heinz (1979). Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-08777-3.
- Holmes, Richard (2009). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19866-209-9.
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- Lerner, K. Lee, and Brenda W. Lerner. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security, vol. 1, A-E. New York: Thomson Gale, 2004. ISBN 0-7876-7686-1
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- Schoonover, Thomas. Hitler's Man in Havana: Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. ISBN 978-0-81312-501-5
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- Taylor, Telford (1995) [1952]. Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-746-5.
- Thomas, David (1987). "Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia 1941-45". Journal of Contemporary History. 22 (2): 261–301. doi:10.1177/002200948702200204. JSTOR 260933.
- Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-67003-826-8.
- Trevor-Roper (1992). The Last Days of Hitler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.
- United States War Dept. General Staff (1984). German Military Intelligence, 1939-1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. ISBN 978-0-89093-543-9.
- Waller, John H. "The double life of Admiral Canaris." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence (1996) 9#3 pp: 271-289.
- Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. New York: Random House, 1996. ISBN 978-0-67944-826-6
- Walton, Calder (2013). Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War, and the Twilight of Empire. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-46830-946-1.
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- Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-92963-191-9.
- Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980) [1954]. Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-06864-9.
- Winks, Robin W. (1996). Cloak & Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939–1961. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30006-524-4.
- Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-02-897500-9.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- German Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2 at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
- Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013