Sítrus
Sítrus | ||||||||||||||||||
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![]() appelsínu (Citrus × sinensis ræktunarafbrigði)
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Vísindaleg flokkun | ||||||||||||||||||
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Tegundir og blendingar | ||||||||||||||||||
Mikilvægar tegundir: Mikilvægir blendingar: | ||||||||||||||||||
Samheiti | ||||||||||||||||||
Eremocitrus |
Sítrus (fræðiheiti: citrus) er ættkvísl blómstrandi trjáa og runna af glóaldinætt. Af plöntum í ættkvíslinni koma sítrusávextir, þar á meðal sítrónur, appelsínur, mandarínur, klementínur, skrápsítrónur, greip og límónur.
Saga
[breyta | breyta frumkóða]Á mismunandi tímum hafa sítrusplöntur verið taldar upprunnar frá Asíu, þar sem þær voru fyrst ræktaðar, Evrópu eða Flórída. En evrópskir sítrusar (svo sem Citrus × aurantium) komu upphaflega frá Indlandi á tímum Alexanders mikla, og "innfæddar" appelsínur Flórída komu með spænsku landvinningamönnunum,[1][2] Sítrónur komu til Evrópu á tímum Rómaveldis.
Nafn
[breyta | breyta frumkóða]Ættkvíslarheitið kemur úr latínu þar sem það vísar til skrápsítrónunnar (C. medica) sem nefnist citron á ensku og latínu en nafnið náði svo yfir sítrónur og límónur síðar í norður-Evrópu, eða til lífviðar (Thuja). Það tengist fornu Grísku orði yfir Líbanon Sedrus, κέδρος (kédros). Það mun vera vegna líkinda á ilmi sítruslaufa og sedruslaufa.[3]
List yfir sítrusávexti
[breyta | breyta frumkóða]![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cedri_BMK.jpg/220px-Cedri_BMK.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Citrus_australasica_red_whole.jpg/220px-Citrus_australasica_red_whole.jpg)
Ættkvíslin Citrus er talin vera upprunnin í Suðaustur Asía. Fyrir áhrif manna voru fáar tegundir:
- Citrus crenatifolia – tegundarheiti óstaðfest, frá Sri Lanka.
- Citrus mangshanensis – tegundarheiti óstaðfest, frá Hunan-héraði, Kína.
- Citrus maxima – Pomelo (pummelo, shaddock), frá Malay-skaga.
- Citrus medica – Skrápsítróna frá Indlandi.
- Citrus reticulata – Mandarína, frá Kína.
- Citrus trifoliata – Trifoliate orange, frá Kóreu og nærliggjandi Kína (oft aðskilið sem Poncirus)
- Ástralskar sítrónur:
- Citrus australasica – Australian Finger Lime
- Citrus australis – Australian Round lime
- Citrus glauca – Australian Desert Lime
- Citrus garrawayae – Mount White Lime
- Citrus gracilis – Kakadu Lime or Humpty Doo Lime
- Citrus inodora – Russel River Lime
- Citrus warburgiana – New Guinea Wild Lime
- Citrus wintersii – Brown River Finger Lime
- Citrus japonica – Kumquats, frá Austur-Asíu yfir í Suðaustur-Asíu (stundum skipt upp í 4–5 Fortunella tegundir)
- Papeda, þar meðtalin:
- Citrus halimii – limau kadangsa, limau kedut kera, frá Taílandi og Malaí-skaga
- Citrus indica – Indian wild orange, frá Indlandi[4]
- Citrus macroptera frá Indókína og Melanesíu [4]
- Citrus micrantha frá suður-Filippseyjum[5]
- "Khasi Papeda" – Citrus latipes frá Assam, Meghalaya, Burma[4]
Blendingar og afbrigði
[breyta | breyta frumkóða]![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Oroblanco_%28sweetie%29_fruits.jpg/220px-Oroblanco_%28sweetie%29_fruits.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Yemenite.jpg/220px-Yemenite.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Clementinepeeled.jpg/220px-Clementinepeeled.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Citrus_unshiu-unshu_mikan-2.jpg/170px-Citrus_unshiu-unshu_mikan-2.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ambersweet_oranges.jpg/170px-Ambersweet_oranges.jpg)
Flokkað eftir foreldri. Þar sem hver blendingur er af að minnsta kosti tveimur foreldrategundum, þá eru þeir skráðir nokkrum sinnum.
Citrus maxima-afkomendur
- Amanatsu, natsumikan – Citrus ×natsudaidai (C. maxima × óþekkt)
- Cam sành – (C. reticulata × C. ×sinensis)
- Grapealdin – Citrus ×paradisi (C. maxima × C. ×sinensis)
- Imperial lemon – (C. ×limon × C. ×paradisi)
- Kinnow – (C. ×nobilis × C. ×deliciosa)
- Kiyomi – (C. ×sinensis × C. ×unshiu)
- Sítróna – Citrus ×limon (probably C. maxima × C. medica)
- Minneola tangelo – (C. reticulata × C. ×paradisi)
- Orangelo, Chironja – (C. ×paradisi × C. ×sinensis)
- Oroblanco, Sweetie – (C. maxima × C. ×paradisi)
- Appelsínur – Citrus ×sinensis (probably C. maxima × C. reticulata)
- Tangelo – Citrus ×tangelo (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. ×paradisi)
- Tangor – Citrus ×nobilis (C. reticulata × C. ×sinensis)
- Ugli – (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. ×paradisi)
Citrus medica-'afkomendur'
- Buddha's hand – Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus, fingruð sítróna.
- Skrápsítrónu afbrigði með súru holdi – Diamante citron, Florentine citron, Greek citron og Balady citron
- Skrápsítrónu afbrigði með sætu holdi – Corsican citron og Moroccan citron.
- Etrog, hópur skrápsítrónuafbrigða.
- Fernandina – Citrus ×limonimedica (líklega (C. medica × C. maxima) × C. medica)
- Ponderosa lemon – (líklega (C. medica × C. maxima) × C. medica)
- Lemon – Citrus ×limon (líklega C. medica × C. maxima)
- Key lime, Mexican lime, Omani lime - Citrus ×aurantiifolia (C. medica × C. micrantha)
- Lumia - perulagaður sítrónu blendingur, (líklega C. medica x C. limon)
- Rhobs el Arsa - "brauð garðsins", Marokkóskur skrápsítrónu x sítrónublendingur.
- Yemenite citron – holdlaus skrápsítróna.
Citrus reticulata-'afkomendur'
- Bergamot orange – Citrus ×bergamia (C. limetta × C. ×aurantium)
- Bitter orange, Seville Orange – Citrus ×aurantium (C. maxima × C. reticulata)
- Blóðappelsína – Citrus ×sinensis afbrigði
- Calamondin, Calamansi – (Citrus reticulata × Citrus japonica)
- Cam sành – (C. reticulata × C. ×sinensis)
- Chinotto – Citrus ×aurantium var. myrtifolia or Citrus ×myrtifolia
- ChungGyun – Citrus reticulata
- Klementína – Citrus ×clementina
- Kleópötru Mandarína – Citrus ×reshni
- Siranui – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Dekopon' (ChungGyun × Ponkan)
- Daidai – Citrus ×aurantium var. daidai or Citrus ×daidai
- Grapealdin – Citrus ×paradisi (C. maxima × C. ×sinensis)
- Hermandina – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Hermandina'
- Imperial sítróna – ((C. maxima × C. medica) × C. ×paradisi)
- Kinnow, Wilking – (C. ×nobilis × C. ×deliciosa)
- Kiyomi – (C. sinensis × C. ×unshiu)
- Laraha – ''C. ×aurantium ssp. currassuviencis
- Miðjarðarhafs mandarína, – Citrus ×deliciosa
- Meyer sítróna, Valley Lemon – Citrus ×meyeri ((C. maxima × C. medica) × C. ×paradisi eða C. ×sinensis)
- Michal mandarína – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Michal'
- Mikan, Satsuma – Citrus ×unshiu
- Naartjie – (C. reticulata × C. nobilis)
- Nova mandarin, Clemenvilla
- Orangelo, Chironja – (C. ×paradisi × C. ×sinensis)
- Oroblanco, Sweetie – (C. maxima × C. ×paradisi)
- Ponkan – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Ponkan'
- Rangpur, Lemanderin, Mandarin Lime – Citrus ×limonia ((C. reticulata × C. maxima) × C. medica)
- Sweet orange – Citrus ×sinensis (probably C. maxima × C. reticulata)
- Tangelo – Citrus ×tangelo (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. ×paradisi)
- Tangerine – Citrus ×tangerina
- Tangor – Citrus ×nobilis (C. reticulata × C. ×sinensis)
- Ugli – (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. ×paradisi)
- Yuzu – Citrus ×junos (C. reticulata × C. ×ichangensis)
Aðrar/Óstaðfest
- Alemow, Colo – Citrus ×macrophylla
- Djeruk limau – Citrus ×amblycarpa
- Gajanimma, Carabao Lime – Citrus ×pennivesiculata
- Hyuganatsu, Hyuganatsu pumelo – Citrus tamurana
- Ichang lemon, Ichang Papeda – Citrus ×ichangensis
- Imperial sítróna – (C. ×limon × C. ×paradisi)
- Iyokan, anadomikan – Citrus ×iyo
- Kabosu – Citrus ×sphaerocarpa
- Kaffir lime, makrut – Citrus ×hystrix
- Limetta, Sweet Lemon, Sweet Lime, mosambi – Citrus ×limetta
- [[{{{is}}}]] (fr) – Citrus ×limettioides Tanaka
- Odichukuthi – Citrus Odichukuthi
- Ougonkan – Citrus flaviculpus hort ex.Tanaka
- Persian lime, Tahiti Lime – Citrus ×latifolia
- Pompia – Citrus monstruosa, a nomen nudum
- Rough lemon – Citrus ×jambhiri Lush.
- Sakurajima komikan orange
- Shekwasha, Hirami Lemon, Taiwan Tangerine – Citrus ×depressa
- Shonan gold – (Ougonkan) Citrus flaviculpus hort ex. Tanaka × (Imamura unshiu), Citrus unshiu Marc
- Sudachi – Citrus ×sudachi
- Sunki, Suenkat – Citrus ×sunki
- Tachibana orange – Citrus ×tachibana (Mak.) Tanaka
- Volkamer lemon – Citrus ×volkameriana
Tilvísanir
[breyta | breyta frumkóða]- ↑ University of South Florida: Fruit
frá Valencíu. - ↑ History of the Citrus and Citrus Tree Growing in America
M - ↑ Spiegel-Roy, Pinchas; Eliezer E. Goldschmidt (1996). Biology of Citrus. Cambridge University Press.[óvirkur tengill]
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 GRIN. „Species list in GRIN for genus Citrus“. Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann janúar 20, 2009. Sótt Jan 6, 2011.
- ↑ P. J. Wester (1915), „Citrus Fruits In The Philippines“, Philippine Agricultural Review, 8
Heimildir
[breyta | breyta frumkóða]- Effects of pollination on Citrus plants Geymt 25 febrúar 2017 í Wayback Machine Pollination of Citrus by Honey Bees
- Citrus Research and Education Center of IFAS (largest citrus research center in world)
- Citrus Variety Collection by the University of California Geymt 25 mars 2003 í Wayback Machine
- Citrus Geymt 28 maí 2010 í Wayback Machine (Mark Rieger, Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia)
- Fundecitrus – Fund for Citrus Plant Protection Geymt 15 júní 2006 í Wayback Machine is an organization of citrus Brazilian producers and processors.
- Citrus – taxonomy Geymt 27 júní 2009 í Wayback Machine fruit anatomy at GeoChemBio
- Home Citrus Growers
- Citrus Variety Information Geymt 6 febrúar 2017 í Wayback Machine Season of Maturity • Seeds / Fruit Information • Fruit Size • Fruit and Tree Insight
- "The Citrus Route. China-Middle East-Spain-The Americas" Geymt 20 desember 2016 í Wayback Machine The history of citrus by Enrique García Ballesteros
- Porcher Michel H.; og fleiri (1995). „Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) – A Work in Progress“. School of Agriculture and Food Systems, Faculty of Land & Food Resources, The University of Melbourne. Australia.