kraj
Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kraj”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935-1957
- “kraj”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
- “kraj”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech)
Lower Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Probably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.
Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
- Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Old Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (chiefly in the plural) borderland
- landscape, area, territory, country
Declension
[edit]singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kraj | krajě | kraji, krajové |
genitive | krajě | krajú | krajóv |
dative | kraju | krajoma | krajóm |
accusative | kraj | krajě | krajě |
vocative | kraju | krajě | kraji, krajové |
locative | kraji, kraju | krajú | krajích |
instrumental | krajem | krajoma | kraji |
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.
Descendants
[edit]- Czech: kraj
References
[edit]- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “kraj”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
- (attested in Lesser Poland) border (edge of a territory)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][1], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 2, 8:
- Dam cy... w trzimane twoie craie zemske (terminos terrae)
- [Dam ci... w trzymanie twoje kraje ziemskie (terminos terrae)]
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[2], section 13,11:
- Wiswolyl sobye Loth kray (regionem) podle Yordana
- [Wyzwolił sobie Lot kraj (regionem) podle Jordana]
- (attested in Lesser Poland) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][3], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 132, 3:
- Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)
- [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]
- 1880-1894 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności[4], volume V, page 266:
- Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur
- [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “kraj”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kraj”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kraj”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “kraj”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /kraj/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈkrɒj/
Audio 1: (file) Audio 2: (file) - Rhymes: -aj
- Syllabification: kraj
Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish kraj.
Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
- country (territory of a nation)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- (chiefly dated or archaic) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- Synonym: skraj
Declension
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
[edit]kraj
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- kraj in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- kraj in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kraj”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “KRAJ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 September 6
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 522
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]krȃj m (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | krȃj | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
genitive | krȁja | krȁjēvā / krajévā / kràjēvā |
dative | krȁju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
accusative | kraj | krȁjeve / kràjeve |
vocative | krȁju | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
locative | krȁju / kràju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
instrumental | krȁjem | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Preposition
[edit]krȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) (+ genitive case)
- near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)
- Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.
- past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)
- Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.
- (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)
- I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish kraj.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
- country (territory of a nation)
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- Synonyms: rant, brzyg
- Antonym: postrzodek
Further reading
[edit]- kraj in silling.org
Slovak
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
Declension
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Slovene
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]krȁj m inan
- place (location, position)
- town, village or place
- Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?
- end or beginning
Inflection
[edit]Masculine inan., soft o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | kràj | ||
gen. sing. | krája | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráji |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
krája | krájev | krájev |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
kráju | krájema | krájem |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráje |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
kráju | krájih | krájih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
krájem | krájema | kráji |
Further reading
[edit]- “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Upper Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Noun
[edit]kraj m inan
Descendants
[edit]- → Lower Sorbian: kraj
Further reading
[edit]- “kraj” in Soblex
- Czech terms inherited from Old Czech
- Czech terms derived from Old Czech
- Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech terms with audio links
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- Lower Sorbian terms borrowed from Upper Sorbian
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- Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Lesser Poland Old Polish
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- Polish 1-syllable words
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- Rhymes:Polish/aj
- Rhymes:Polish/aj/1 syllable
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
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- Polish lemmas
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- pl:Government
- Polish dated terms
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- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Serbo-Croatian/âːj
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- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
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- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/aj
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- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian nouns
- Silesian masculine nouns
- Silesian inanimate nouns
- szl:Government
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Slovene terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Upper Sorbian lemmas
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