Afrika
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/320px-LocationAfrica.png)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/EarthFromTheMoon-LRO-20151012a.jpg/200px-EarthFromTheMoon-LRO-20151012a.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Africa-asia-america-to-scale.jpg/220px-Africa-asia-america-to-scale.jpg)
Afrika ni bara la pili duniani kwa ukubwa, likiwa na eneo la kilometa za mraba zipatazo 30,370,000 na kwa idadi ya wakazi, hao wakiwa 1,225,080,510 (mwaka 2016). Asia ndiyo bara kubwa pekee zaidi ya Afrika.
Jina
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpg/250px-Africa_satellite_plane.jpg)
Neno "Afrika" limetokana na lugha ya Kilatini ya Roma ya Kale.[1][2] kwa jina hilo Waroma wa Kale walitaja eneo katika Tunisia ya leo, hawakumaanisha bara lote.
Inasemekana asili yake ni kabila la "Afrig" lililoishi sehemu zile,[3]lakini kuna pia maelezo mengine tofautitofauti.
Wakati huo Wagiriki wa Kale walitumia zaidi jina la Libya kwa ajili ya nchi kusini kwa Bahari ya Mediteranea, upande wa magharibi wa Misri.
Maeneo ya ndani kuelekea kusini mara nyingi yaliitwa kwa jina la "Ethiopia" linalomaanisha nchi ya watu weusiweusi (kwa Kigiriki "aithiops": aliyechomwa na jua).
Katika ramani za kale kutoka Ulaya maneno yote matatu ya "Afrika", "Lybia" na "Ethiopia" yanapatikana yakitumika kama jina la bara zima. Jina la "Afrika" limekuwa la kawaida kuanzia karne ya 16 BK.
Jiografia
Afrika imezungukwa na bahari karibu pande zote. Kuna kiungo chembamba cha nchi kavu upande wa kaskazini mashariki na bara la Asia kwenye rasi ya Sinai [4].
Upande wa kaskazini iko Bahari ya Mediteranea, upande wa mashariki kuna Bahari Hindi pamoja na Bahari ya Shamu na upande wa magharibi iko Bahari Atlantiki.
Kuna kisiwa kikubwa cha Madagaska na funguvisiwa mbalimbali.
Barani kuna nchi huru 54 zinazotambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa, maeneo 9 yenye hali ya pekee na madola mawili ambayo yanajitawala bila kutambuliwa kimataifa.
Kuna umbali wa kilomita 8,000 kutoka Ras ben Sakka nchini Tunisia (37°21' N, sehemu ya kaskazini kabisa) hadi rasi ya Cape Agulhas nchini Afrika Kusini (34°51'15" S, sehemu ya kusini kabisa)[5].
Umbali ni km 7,400 kutoka upande wa magharibi (rasi ya Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W) hadi mashariki (Ras Hafun nchini Somalia, 51°27'52" E)[6].
Pwani yote ya Afrika ina urefu wa kilomita 26,000.
Nchi kubwa ya Afrika ni Algeria na nchi ndogo ni funguvisiwa la Shelisheli katika Bahari Hindi.[7] Nchi ndogo Afrika bara ni Gambia.
Kijiolojia Afrika iko kwenye bamba la Afrika. Lile bamba la gandunia la Afrika linaenea mbali zaidi kuliko maeneo tunayotazama kuwa Afrika kijiografia, ni pamoja na maeneo chini ya bahari linapopakana na mabamba ya Ulaya-Asia, Uarabuni, Uhindi na Australia, Antaktika, Amerika ya Kusini na Kaskazini. Upande wa mashariki wa bamba la Afrika kuna ufa unaozidi kupanuka ikielekea kujitenga kutoka Afrika kama bamba la Somalia.
Tabianchi
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vegetation_Africa.png/300px-Vegetation_Africa.png)
Tabianchi ya Afrika ni pana, kuanzia kanda za tropiki hadi kufikia maeneo ya nusu-aktiki (baridi) kwenye ncha za milima mirefu.
Nusu ya kaskazini ya bara ni jangwa au angalau yabisi. Sehemu za kati na za kusini zina maeneo ya savanna na kanda za msitu wa mvua.
Afrika ni bara lenye joto kuliko mabara yote na asilimia 60 za uso wake ni maeneo yabisi au jangwa. [8]
Nchi za Afrika
Wakazi
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kobli1.jpg/250px-Kobli1.jpg)
Wataalamu wengi wanakubaliana kutambua Afrika kama asili ya binadamu wote walioko duniani. [9]
Mwaka 2010 idadi ya wakazi wa nchi zote za Afrika ilipita bilioni 1. Ni kwamba idadi yao imeongezeka sana katika miaka 40 iliyopita, ikipiku zile za Ulaya na Amerika.
Ilhali mwaka 1950 walikuwepo Waafrika milioni 229 pekee, idadi iliongezeka kuwa milioni 630 mwaka 1990 na milioni 1200 mnamo 2014. [10] [11]
Hivyo asilimia ya watoto na vijana ni kubwa. Kuna nchi kadhaa ambako zaidi ya nusu ya wananchi wako chini ya umri wa miaka 25.[12] Wakazi wa Afrika ni vijana kuliko wale wa mabara mengine yote;[13][14] mwaka 2012 umri wa wastani ulikuwa miaka 19.7, wakati kidunia ulikuwa 30.4.[15]
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sw/timeline/60lb0q01m53mz99yiv5i96lztswrrel.png)
Lugha
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Africa_ethnic_groups_1996.jpg/170px-Africa_ethnic_groups_1996.jpg)
Zaidi ya lugha elfu za Kiafrika zinazungumzwa barani leo, ingawa nyingi zinazidi kufifia.
Kusini mwa Afrika, Afrika Mashariki na ya Kati watu wengi ni wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu (kwa mfano Kiswahili). Asili yao ilikuwa pande za kusini za kanda ya Sahel na kutoka kule walienea katika sehemu nyingi za Afrika upande wa kusini kwa Sahara.[16]
Kuna pia vikundi vya wasemaji wa lugha za Kinilo-Sahara waliofika hadi Afrika ya Mashariki.
Wakazi asilia siku hizi wako wachache, wakionekana kama wasemaji wa lugha za Khoisan au za Wabilikimo.[17]
Watu wa Afrika Magharibi husema zaidi Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo hasa zisizo za Kibantu, pamoja na wasemaji wa lugha za Kinilo-Sahara.
Watu wa Afrika ya Kaskazini kiasili walikuwa hasa wa makundi matatu:
Waarabu waliovamia eneo hilo lote tangu karne ya 7 BK wameleta lugha yao pamoja na dini ya Uislamu. Lugha yao imekuwa lugha ya watu wengi siku hizi. Wasemaji wa Kiberber bado wako wengi kidogo Moroko na Algeria na wachache katika sehemu za Tunisia na Libya.[18]
Kutokana na ukoloni, lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya zinazumgumzwa pia, hasa Kiingereza, Kifaransa na Kireno.
Kiafrikaans ni lugha ya pekee ya Afrika Kusini yenye asili ya Ulaya.
Katika kisiwa cha Madagaska kwenye Bahari ya Hindi, inatumika lugha ya Kimalagasy, ambayo ni kati ya lugha za Austronesia.
Dini
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png/220px-Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png)
Waafrika wana imani za dini nyingi tofauti, lakini takwimu zinazotolewa hazina hakika, pia kwa sababu suala hilo ni nyeti kisiasa kwa serikali zenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa watu, kama vile Nigeria, Ethiopia na Tanzania.[19][20]
Kadiri ya World Book Encyclopedia, Islam ndiyo inayoongoza, ikifuatwa na Ukristo. Kumbe kadiri ya Encyclopedia Britannica, 45% za wakazi ni Wakristo, 40% ni Waislamu na 10% wanafuata dini asilia za Kiafrika. Wachache tu ni Wahindu, Wabuddha, Wabaha'i au hawana dini yoyote.
Tazama pia
- Historia ya Afrika
- Orodha ya milima ya Afrika
- Mito mirefu ya Afrika
- Maziwa ya Afrika
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
Tanbihi
- ↑ Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). "Afri". In Georges, Heinrich (in German). Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (8th ed.). Hannover. http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644. Retrieved 20 September 2015. Archived 16 Januari 2016 at the Wayback Machine. "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2016-01-16. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-03-01.
- ↑ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "Afer". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ↑ Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4.
- ↑ Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) The Middle East and North Africa, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-503538-0.
- ↑ Lewin, Evans. (1924) Africa, Clarendon press
- ↑ (1998) Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index), Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
- ↑ Hoare, Ben. (2002) The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia, Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
- ↑ "Africa: Environmental Atlas, 06/17/08." Archived 5 Januari 2012 at the Wayback Machine. African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. Accessed June 2011.
- ↑ Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005 Archived 24 Oktoba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Past and future population of Africa Archived 24 Septemba 2015 at the Wayback Machine.". Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013).
- ↑ UNICEF Report: Africa's Population Could Hit 4 Billion By 2100. National Public Radio (NPR). 13 August 2014.
- ↑ "Africa Population Dynamics". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-02-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-02-29.
- ↑ http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/
- ↑ Harry, Njideka U.. "African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society", Huffington Post, 11 September 2013.
- ↑ ABDOULIE JANNEH (Aprili 2012). "item,4 of the provisional agenda - General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth" (PDF). UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Desemba 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective". PUQ. p. 204. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
- ↑ "Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine". Times Online. December 16, 2004.
- ↑ "Q&A: The Berbers", 12 March 2004. Retrieved on 30 December 2013.
- ↑ "African Religion on the Internet" Archived 9 Mei 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Stanford University
- ↑ Onishi, Normitsu. "Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere", The New York Times, November 1, 2001. Retrieved on 2009-03-01.
Marejeo
- Asante, Molefi (2007). The History of Africa. USA: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-77139-0.
- Clark, J. Desmond (1970). The Prehistory of Africa. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-02069-2.
- Crowder, Michael (1978). The Story of Nigeria. London: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-04947-9.
- Davidson, Basil (1966). The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times. Harmondsworth: Penguin. OCLC 2016817.
- Gordon, April A.; Donald L. Gordon (1996). Understanding Contemporary Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-547-3.
- Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998). The African experience: an introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-745852-3.
- Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). Africa Yesterday and Today, in series, The George School Readings on Developing Lands. New York: Praeger Publishers.
- Naipaul, V. S.. The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief. Picador, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0
- Besenyő, János. Western Sahara (2009), free online PDF book, Publikon Publishers, Pécs, ISBN 978-963-88332-0-4, 2009
- Wade, Lizzie. Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places, Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7864, 2015
- Petringa, Maria. Brazza, A Life for Africa, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
Viungo vya nje
- History of Africa Archived 7 Machi 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Marco Notari, for Africa
- Afrika katika Open Directory Project
- African & Middle Eastern Reading Room from the United States Library of Congress
- Africa South of the Sahara from Stanford University
- The Index on Africa from The Norwegian Council for Africa
- Aluka Digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa
- Africa Interactive Map Archived 17 Januari 2010 at the Wayback Machine. from the United States Army Africa
- Historia
- Habari
- allAfrica.com current news, events and statistics
- Focus on Africa magazine from BBC World Service