Wagoti
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grande_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8574_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Grande_Ludovisi_Altemps_Inv8574_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Wagoti (kwa Kigoti: Gutþiuda; kwa Kilatini: Gothi) walikuwa kabila la Kigermanik, ambalo matawi yake mawili, Wavisigoti na Waostrogoti, walichangia sana anguko la Dola la Roma na mwanzo wa Karne za Kati Ulaya.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Wakitokea labda Uswidi, wanatajwa na waandishi wa Roma ya Kale kama wakazi wa beseni la Vistula (leo Polandi Kaskazini) katika karne ya 1. Baadaye walienea kwenye Bahari Nyeusi, walipowazidi Wasarmatia kama watawala wa Mbuga za Ponto wakaanza kushambulia maeneo ya Dola la Roma hadi Cyprus.
Wakati huo waligawanyika kati ya Wathervingi na Wagreuthungi. Miaka ya 300, Ermanariki, mfalme wa Wagreuthungi, alitawala kutoka Bahari ya Baltiki hadi Bahari Nyeusi, na Milima ya Urali. Wakati huo wengi wao waliingia Ukristo wa madhehebu ya Uario kwa umisionari wa Ulfilas, aliyebuni alfabeti ya Kigoti kuandika Biblia ya Kigoti.
Miaka ya 370 maeneo ya Wagoti yalivamiwa na Wahunni. Wagreuthungi wakakaa chini yao wakaja kuitwa Waostrogoti, kumbe Wathervingi, waliojulikana baadaye kama Wavisigoti, walivuka mto Danube na kuvamia Dola la Roma. Baada ya kunyanyaswa sana, waliasi na kushinda Warumi katika Mapigano ya Adrianopoli mwaka 378. Chini ya Alariki I, waliteka Roma yenyewe mwaka 410, na hatimaye wakalowea Galia na Hispania, walipounda Ufalme wa Wavisigoti.
Wakiungana na Dola la Roma Magharibi dhidi ya Wahunni wa Attila na Waostrogoti walipata ushindi kwenye Mapigano ya Mabonde ya Katalunya mwaka 451. Hapo Waostrogoti walijinasua katika utawala wa Wahunni wakavamia Italia mwishoni mwa karne ya 5 chini ya mfalme Theodoriki Mkuu, wakaanzisha Ufalme wa Waostrogoti.
Kidogo tu baada ya kifo cha Theodoriki, Italia ilitekwa tena (535–554) na kaisari wa Roma Mashariki Justinian I, lakini baada ya miaka michache Walombardi, wakitokea Skandinavia, waliteka Italia na kumeza Waostrogoti waliobaki.
Ufalme wa Wavisigoti ulidumu hadi mwaka 711, ulipoangamizwa na Waislamu wa ukhalifa wa Umayyad. Kaskazini mwa Hispania, mabaki ya Wavisigoti chini ya Pelagius wa Asturias walianzisha Ufalme wa Asturias na kujiandaa kutwaa tena rasi yote (Reconquista).
Wagoti wachache waliobaki katika rasi ya Crimea waliendelea kwa karne kadhaa katika uhusiano mkubwa na Dola la Bizanti, wakipambana daima na Wakhazari, akiungana na Warus wa Kiev. Hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, baadhi ya wakazi wa Crimea waliweza kuongea Kigoti cha Crimea.
Wazalendo wa Hispania na Uswidi walidai kuwa wazao wa Wagoti.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Vyanzo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Ambrose (2019). On the Holy Ghost: (De Spiritu Sancto). Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print. ISBN 978-1076198747.
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(help) - Eusebius (1900). The Life of Constantine. Ilitafsiriwa na Schaff, Philip. T&T Clark.
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(help) - Disputed (1932). Augustan history. Ilitafsiriwa na Magie, David. Loeb Classical Library.
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(help) - Isidore of Seville (1970). History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi. E.J. Brill.
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(help) - Jordanes (1908). The Origins and Deeds of the Goths. Ilitafsiriwa na Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
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(help) - Marcellinus, Ammianus (1862). Roman History. Ilitafsiriwa na Yonge, Charles Duke. Bohn.
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(help) - Orosius, Paulus (1773). The Anglo-Saxon Version From The Historian Orosius. John Bowyer Nichols.
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(help) - Pliny (1855). The Natural History. Ilitafsiriwa na Bostock, John. Taylor & Francis.
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(help) - Procopius (1914). History of the Wars. Ilitafsiriwa na Dewing, Henry Bronson. Heinemann.
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(help) - Ptolemy (1932). Geography. New York Public Library.
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(help) - Syncellus, George (1829). Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm (mhr.). Chronographia. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (kwa Latin). Juz. 22–23. University of Bonn.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Tacitus (1876). Germania. Ilitafsiriwa na Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson.
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(help) - Zosimus (1814). New History. W. Green & T. Chaplin.
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Marejeo ya kisasa
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Andersson, Thorsten [in Kiswidi] (1996). "Göter, Goter, Gutar". Namn og Bygd (kwa Swedish). 84: 5–21.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Arrhenius, Birgit (2013). "Connections between Scandinavia and the East Roman Empire in the Migration period". Katika Alcock, Leslie; Austin, David (whr.). From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology. Routledge. ku. 118–137. ISBN 978-1135073312.
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(help) - Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829941.
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(help) - Bennett, William Holmes (1965). An Introduction to the Gothic Language. Ulrich's Book Store.
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(help) - Bóna, István [in Kihungaria] (2001). "'Forest People': The Goths In Transylvania". Katika Makkai, László [in Kihungaria]; Mócsy, András [in Kihungaria] (whr.). History of Transylvania: From the Beginning to 1606. Columbia University Press.
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(help) - Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Juz. 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139053921.
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(help) - Bradley, Henry (1888). The Story of the Goths. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
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(help) - Braune, Wilhelm (1912). Gotische Grammatik [Gothic Grammar] (kwa German). V. Niemeyer.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Bray, John Jefferson (1997). Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1862543372.
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(help) - Bury, J. H. (1913). The Cambridge Medieval History. Juz. 2. Cambridge University Press.
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(help) - Bury, J. H. (1911). The Cambridge Medieval History. Juz. 1. Cambridge University Press.
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(help) - Cameron, Alan; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993). Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius. University of California Press. ISBN 0520065506.
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(help) - Dabrowski, J. (2009). Nordische Kreis und Kulturen Polnischer Gebiete (kwa German).
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Jacobsen, Torsten Cumberland (2009). The Gothic War: Rome's Final Conflict in the West. Westholme. ISBN 978-1594160844.
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(help) - Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991). The Goths in the Fourth Century. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0853234264.
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(help) - Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Wiley. ISBN 0631209328.
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(help) - Hinds, Kathryn (2010). Goths. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0761445166.
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(help) - Kaliff, Anders [in Kiswidi] (2001). Gothic connections: Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BC-500 AD. Uppsala University. ISBN 9150614827.
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(help) - Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). A Brief History of the Roman Empire. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1780330495.
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(help) - Kokowski, Andrzej [in Kipolandi] (1999). Archäologie der Goten [Archaeology of the Goths] (kwa German). IdealMedia. ISBN 8390734184.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55. Rodopi: 21–25. Iliwekwa mnamo Septemba 17, 2019.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979992219.
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(help) - Kulikowski, Michael (2006). Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139458092.
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(help) - Lehmann, Winfred Philipp (1986). A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. BRILL. ISBN 9004081763.
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(help) - London, Jack (1917). The Human Drift. Macmillan Company.
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(help) - Moorhead, Sam; Studdard, David (2006). AD410: The Year that Shook Rome. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1606060247.
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(help) - Oxenstierna, Eric (1948). Die Urheimat der Goten [The Urheimat of the Goths] (kwa German). J.A. Barth.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Pohl, Walter; Reimitz, Helmut [in Kijerumani] (1998). Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300-800. BRILL. ISBN 9004108467.
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(help) - Schramm, Gottfried [in Kijerumani] (2002). Altrusslands Anfang: historische Schlüsse aus Namen, Wörtern und Texten zum 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (kwa German). Rombach. ISBN 3793092682.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Söderberg, Werner [in Kiswidi] (1896). "Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434". Samlaren (kwa Swedish). 17. Akademiska Boktryckeriet: 187–195.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096725.
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(help) - Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in Crimea. Medieval Academy of America.
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(help) - Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1438129181.
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(help) - Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520085114.
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(help) - Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Ilitafsiriwa na Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838.
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Viungo vya nje
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Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kihistoria bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Wagoti kama enzi zake au matokeo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |