個人理財
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個人理財可以好撈絞:响廿一世紀初嘅社會,一個普通人做理財嗰陣,就起碼要諗到預算、保險、供樓、交稅、退休、儲蓄同投資等嘅咁多唔同事務;當中(例如)淨係投資就經已要考慮「用咩金融產品」或者「靠咩策略嚟投」噉嘅問��-股票、債券同外匯等嘅唔同產品各有優缺點,一位投資者要識揀啱自己用嘅產品先能夠有效噉長遠賺到錢;供樓同交稅等嘅嘢都一樣可以好撈絞[2][3]。
因為個人理財咁複雜,有唔少人都會為咗達致自己嘅財政目標而走去研究理財嘅嘢[4],甚至仲會俾錢請受過專業訓練嘅理財計劃師同律師,搵佢哋幫手度橋做個人理財[5]。
基礎
[編輯]"Here's the philosophy of the rich and the poor. Poor people spend their money and invest what's left. The rich invest their money and spend what's left."
「以下係有錢人同窮人(分別)嘅哲學:窮人係將啲錢攞去使,然後先將淨低嘅攞去投資;有錢人就係將啲錢攞去投資,然後先將淨低嘅攞去使。」
個人理財指一個人打理手上嘅錢,最基本上想達到兩大目標[1][7]:
喺最簡單嘅情況下,一個人可以每個月攞到人工之後,將嚿人工嘅其中一橛攞去做衣食住行,淨低嘅就儲落銀行度,但事實表明因為通脹等嘅原因,嚿儲蓄嘅實際價值好多時都淨係會隨時間跌-想像家陣有個人儲咗 1,000 文美金落銀行,過咗一年之後有通脹,啲嘢嘅價冚唪唥貴嗮,佢筆儲蓄名義上依然係 1,000 文美金咁多,但實際價值-由「攞住筆錢買到幾多嘢」嚟量度-就跌咗[8];因為噉,一個識理財嘅人實會諗投資嘅嘢,並且揀一種啱自己用嘅方法嚟投資-例如係股票、外匯、不動產或者教育呀噉,務求令自己手上嚿財富隨時間增長,達致保障到自己退休同屋企人未來嘅生活[1]。
原則上,個人理財呢家嘢自從文明早期發明咗錢呢樣嘢嗰陣經已存在。而喺廿世紀中開始[9][10],經濟學同金融學等領域嘅工作者經已有全面噉開展對個人理財嘅研究,目標就係想解答呢條問題[1][3]:
「 | 做個人理財嗰陣,有啲咩方法可以有效噉達到『支撐到自己基本使費嘅同時,又可以有效噉令自己嘅財富愈轆愈大嚿』呢?
|
」 |
理財計劃
[編輯]![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sculpture_of_Bull_and_Bear_on_Seesaw_in_front_of_Fross_and_Fross_Wealth_Management.jpg/300px-Sculpture_of_Bull_and_Bear_on_Seesaw_in_front_of_Fross_and_Fross_Wealth_Management.jpg)
理財計劃(financial planning)係指一個人對自己個人理財嘅詳細計劃。大致上有以下呢啲步驟[11][12]:
- 評估狀況:個人要睇勻嗮反映自己財務狀況嘅資訊-包括係自己嘅資產負債表同損益表呀噉;資產負債表會列出嗮嗰個人嘅資產(包括咗股票、儲蓄戶口入面嘅錢、不動產同汽車... 等等)同埋佢有啲咩負債(包括咗信用咭爭幾多錢同供樓... 等等),而損益表會講明個人喺一段時間內賺到幾多錢同有乜使費;有齊呢啲資訊喺手,個人就可以清楚噉評估自己嘅財務狀況。
- 設立目標:個人要諗定一啲明確嘅目標,例如「賺多啲錢」唔係一個明確嘅目標,而「喺 65 歲退休,到時自己資產值 5,000,000 文美金」就係一個明確嘅目標;喺現實應用上,做理財嘅人好多時會有短期同長期嘅目標,短期嘅目標可能係想「到咗今年 6 月就儲夠錢買部新嘅手提電腦」,而長期嘅目標可能係講想退休嗰陣[註 1]自己有幾多幾多資產。
- 制定計劃:個人要諗好跟住落嚟啲使費或者投資要點安排,包括諗好嗮用咩方法嚟做投資同埋每種方法投資幾多資產,例如講明每個月嘅入息有幾多 % 嘅要攞去投資,當中嗰啲投資用嘅錢有幾多 % 嘅攞嚟買股票同要買邊隻股票,又有幾多 % 嘅要攞嚟買外匯同要買邊隻外匯... 呀噉(預算)。
- 實行計劃:按第 4 步入面度好咗嘅計劃嚟行事。
- 重新評估:評估自己個計劃有冇實行好同埋係咪一如意料噉達到目標。
上述嘅步驟就噉睇好似好簡單噉,但查實可以涉及好撈絞嘅程序,例如要搜集結單等嘅好多文件,而且諗投資就實要計啲風險相關嘅嘢,所以有唔少人喺做理財嗰時都會請理財計劃師或者律師等嘅專業人士幫手。
計劃因素
[編輯]根據廿一世紀初嘅主流觀點,做理財計劃嗰陣最少要諗以下呢啲因素[13]:
- 預算:制定計劃嗰陣實要諗嘅一樣嘢,一份預算會講明跟住落嚟手上嘅錢要攞嚟做邊啲用途(基本使費、儲蓄同投資呀噉),仲有係每種用途會霸使嘅錢嘅幾多 %;喺現代理財上一種成日用嘅做法,係所謂嘅 50/30/20 預算法,即係將自己扣咗稅之後嘅總入息分做三嚿[14]-
- 應急資金:正路嚟講,一個人梗要有嚿儲蓄攞嚟做應急用-人生成日都會有啲意料之外嘅使費,例如係突然間病咗要睇醫生、架車突然壞咗要攞去整、或者係俾公司炒咗要齋靠儲蓄生活幾個月... 呀噉;喺現代理財上,理財計劃師通常會建議個人起碼有嚿等同佢 3 至 6 個月嘅生活使費嘅錢,攞嚟做應急用[15]。
- 負債(liability)[註 2]:一般認為,負債係一樣好危險嘅嘢,一個人借咗錢就要還,還起錢上嚟仲要俾利息,所以一筆債係有可能會愈轆愈大嘅-事實係,亂咁孭債上身(包括亂咁轆信用咭)係破產最常見嘅原因之一;喺某啲情況下,孭負債上身可以係有用嘅理財做法,例如借錢買不動產有陣時著數過直接搵自己錢買;不過如非呢啲特殊情況,多數嘅理財計劃師都會勸啲客唔好孭負債上身[16]。
![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Credit-cards.jpg/420px-Credit-cards.jpg)
- 信用評分(credit score):信用評分係一個個體可以有嘅數值,反映嗰個人「值唔值得借錢俾佢使」-人喺(例如)買房地產或者汽車等嘅嘢嗰陣往往都要借錢;由借錢嗰方嘅角度睇,佢借錢誘因係想靠收利息嚟有著數,所以會關注「借咗錢俾呢個人,佢會唔會如期還債」嘅問題;因為噉,銀行喺收到一個人嘅信息,話想借錢嗰時,實會嘗試用某啲方法評估「嗰個人會如期還債」嘅機率有幾高-而一個人嘅信用評分就正正係反映呢樣嘢嘅數值,數值愈高就反映嗰個人愈大機率如期還債,於是銀行就愈有誘因借錢俾呢個人[19]。有關信用評分「具體嚟講要點計」,唔同國家地區嘅做法都有啲唔同,不過一般嚟講,以下呢啲因素都會影響一個人嘅信用評分[20]-
- 佢而家呢刻有冇爭人錢,(假設第啲因素不變)愈係而家爭緊人錢,評分就愈低;
- 佢過往有冇準時還債-包括咗找咭數,(假設第啲因素不變)愈係過往有準時還債,評分就愈高;
- 佢有冇管理過唔同類嘅債,有陣時銀行會覺得如果個人管過多種唔同嘅負債(例如借錢買車同信用咭係兩種唔同嘅負債),假設第啲因素不變就表示嗰個人有經驗,大機率會準時還到債。
- 減稅(tax break):好多國家地區嘅政府,都會容許納稅人以某啲方式減少自己要交嘅稅,例如政府想鼓勵啲人用多啲電動汽車,所以就俾買電動汽車嘅人有得減稅[21];減稅呢家嘢會視乎國家地區而有異,不過有理財界人士指出,有好多廿一世紀初嘅人都唔識運用減稅-可能令自己每年可以攞去使嘅錢嘅量,少咗成幾千文美金咁多。
- 屋企人:個人理財另一樣重要考量係要點保障屋企人-好多人都會諗啲方法,想確保萬一自己有乜不測,屋企人都唔會話突然間冇錢使;例子可以睇吓保險(萬一自己有咩意外,搞到自己有一排做唔到嘢,可以有錢攞返)、遺囑(講明自己有乜不測嘅話,啲財產要點樣留俾屋企人)同埋信託(將財產交俾信得過嘅第三者,要後者用筆財產幫交託者嘅屋企人)[22]。
... 呀噉。
財務自由
[編輯]![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Well-deserved_vacation_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/300px-Well-deserved_vacation_%28Unsplash%29.jpg)
財務自由(financial independence)可以話係個人理財嘅最終目標。如果一個人有充足嘅收入或者財富,令到佢可以一世都唔使再打工或者靠其他人養佢,都可以夠錢使,噉佢就算係達到咗財務自由。舉幾個例說明,以下呢啲嘢都可以令人達致財務自由[23][24]-
- 個人揸住咗大拃股票同債券等嘅投資,每個月收嘅股息多到夠佢生活;
- 佢存款戶口等嘅來源因為有大量嘅錢,齋靠收利息都已經大把錢收;
- 佢做咗好多年嘢,有得攞退休金;
- 佢將自己擁有嘅房地產攞去租俾人住,自己收租;
- (呢樣比較少有)佢出咗啲好受歡迎嘅創作品(包括書、樂曲或者藝術品呀噉),有得收版稅;
... 呀噉。根據一個觀點,個人理財嘅目標就係想透過妥善噉打理自己手上嘅財富,最後去到財務自由嘅狀態-個人啱啱畢業出嚟做嘢基本上實唔會去到財務自由嘅狀態,不過佢可以用一世人幾廿年嘅時間,打工搵錢,一路生活之餘,一路將自己收入嘅一部份攞去做投資(買股票或者房地產等等),最後令自己手上「唔使點樣做嘢,都可以持續產生收入」嘅資產(睇埋被動收入嘅概念)愈嚟愈多,呢啲資產多到咁上下,個人就達到財務自由,可以唔使做嘢退休嘆世界。
一般認為,財務自由當然係個理想嘅狀態。但事實表明,多數嘅人都去唔到財務自由,例如喺 2020 年代初嘅美國就有調查發現,有數以百萬計嘅美國人就算過咗 60 歲都仲係焗住要做嘢,當中有啲人甚至去到成 75 歲都仲要打工搵錢[25];因為噉,有唔少國家地區都有開始討論要喺學校加入教個人理財嘅內容,或者用第啲資源(例如互聯網)教人學識打理自己嘅錢財[26]。
拉雜概念
[編輯]- 簽賬咭(charge card):信用咭嘅一種;同一般嘅信用咭相似係,簽賬咭俾持咭人買嘢嗰陣轆,發咭方會俾錢,持咭人要定時定候找咭數,如果唔係就要罰錢或者有第啲懲罰;而同一般信用咭最唔同嘅係,簽賬咭冇限住「持咭人可以使幾多錢」,所以通常淨係會發俾信用評分好嘅客[27]。
- 確定給付制(defined benefit)同確定提撥制(defined contribution):退休金嘅兩種常見做法;確定給付制係指負責俾退休金嗰方(通常係僱主)事先講明退休金係幾多錢,而筆錢嘅大細取決於嗰位員工嘅年紀同為位僱主作出咗幾多貢獻,而唔視乎位員工嘅投資所得回報;確定提撥制就係指負責俾退休金嗰方(僱主或者員工,又或者兩個一齊俾)定期俾出啲錢做退休金,而且筆錢仲會攞去做投資轆大佢[28]。
- 投資策略(investment strategy):指一個玩投資嘅人採取嘅策略;廿一世紀初嘅投資策略通常都仲係經驗之談-主要係由玩投資玩得多嘅人諗「有乜嘢投資行為大機會會令自己賺到錢」,並且靠呢啲經驗嚟教人「投資嗰時要守啲乜嘢法則」;常用嘅投資策略有價值投資、增長投資同埋動量投資呀噉[29]。
- 證券投資基金(investment fund):一嚿證券投資基金係指一班投資者將佢哋啲錢夾埋一齊,跟住再(通常)請返個識做投資管理嘅人幫佢哋手攞呢嚿錢去做投資;例如一班人將佢哋嘅錢夾埋一齊,有 100 萬美金,跟住請位投資管理者幫佢哋手攞呢嚿錢去投資,最後嚿錢變咗 200 萬,班人就齊齊將賺到嗰 100 萬攞去分咗佢[30]。睇埋生命週期基金。
... 呀噉。
註釋
[編輯]睇埋
[編輯]文獻
[編輯]- Graham, Benjamin; Jason Zweig (8 July 2003) [1949]. The Intelligent Investor. Warren E. Buffett (collaborator) (2003 ed.). HarperCollins. front cover. ISBN 0-06-055566-1.
- Kwok, H., Milevsky, M., and Robinson, C. (1994) Asset Allocation, Life Expectancy, and Shortfall, Financial Services Review, 1994, vol 3(2), pg. 109-126.
- Rich Dad Poor Dad: What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!, by Robert Kiyosaki and Sharon Lechter. Warner Business Books, 2000. ISBN 0-446-67745-0
- Stanley, Thomas J. and Danko, W.D. (1998). The Millionaire Next Door. Gallery Books. ISBN 978-0-671-01520-6. LCCN 98046515.
- Clason, George (2015). The Richest Man in Babylon: Original 1926 Edition. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-508-52435-9.
- Bogle, John Bogle (2007). The Little Book of Common Sense Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 216. ISBN 9780470102107.
- Dominguez, J.R. and Robin, Vicki (1993). Your Money Or Your Life: Transforming Your Relationship with Money and Achieving Financial Independence. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-140-16715-3. LCCN 92003027.
- Bach, D. (2009). The Automatic Millionaire: Canadian Edition: A Powerful One-Step Plan to Live and Finish Rich. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-37209-3.
- Ramsey, Dave (2003). The Total Money Makeover: A Proven Plan for Financial Fitness. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-418-52999-4.
攷
[編輯]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Keown, A. J. (2019). Personal finance. Pearson.
- ↑ 謝劍平 (2012). 投資學:基本原理與實務. 智勝.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Redhead, Keith (1997). Financial Derivatives: An Introduction to Futures, Forwards, Options and Swaps. London: Prentice-Hall.
- ↑ Taylor, Don (2005). C. Bruce Worsham (ed.). Financial Planning: Process and Environment. Bryn Mawr, PA: The American College Press.
- ↑ Chatzky, J. E. A. N., & Weisser, C. (2002). Planner, You Are Outta Here!. Time, 160(19), 110-110.
- ↑ 17 Robert Kiyosaki Quotes To Change Your Financial Mindset. MARCEL.
- ↑ Garman, E. T., & Forgue, R. (2014). Personal finance. Cengage Learning.
- ↑ O'Donnell, R. (1987). "Real and Nominal Quantities". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Vol. v. 4. pp. 97-98.
- ↑ Hira, T. K. (2009). Personal finance: Past, present and future. Networks Financial Institute Policy Brief.
- ↑ Ariely, Dan (July 2009). "The End of Rational Economics". Harvard Business Review.
- ↑ "Creating a Personal Financial Plan" (PDF). Missouri State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ↑ "Goals: Setting financial goals". CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ↑ Can The Best Financial Tips Fit On An Index Card?. npr.
- ↑ Warren, E., & Tyagi, A. W. (2005). All your worth: The ultimate lifetime money plan. Simon and Schuster.
- ↑ An essential guide to building an emergency fund. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
- ↑ Prelec, D. & Loewenstein, G. (1998). The red and the black: Mental accounting of savings and debt. Marketing Science, 17(1), 4-28.
- ↑ Agarwal, S., Driscoll, J. C., Gabaix, X., & Laibson, D. (2008). Learning in the credit card market (No. w13822). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- ↑ Ausubel, L. M. (1997). Credit card defaults, credit card profits, and bankruptcy. Am. Bankr. LJ, 71, 249.
- ↑ Report to the Congress on Credit Scoring and Its Effects on the Availability and Affordability of Credit (PDF).
- ↑ What Is a Good Credit Score?. Experian.
- ↑ Piper, Mike (Sep 12, 2014). Taxes Made Simple: Income Taxes Explained in 100 Pages or Less. Simple Subjects, LLC.
- ↑ Hudson, A (2003). Equity and Trusts (3rd ed.). Cavendish Publishing.
- ↑ Vicki Robin and Joe Dominguez (1992) Your Money or Your Life, Viking. Your Money or Your Life: Revised and Updated for the 21st Century, published by Penguin Books in December 2008 by Vicki Robin with Monique Tilford and contributor Mark Zaifman.
- ↑ Kristy Shen and Bryce Leung (2019) Quit Like a Millionaire, published by Penguin Random House.
- ↑ 'At 75, I still have to work': millions of Americans can't afford to retire. The Guardian.
- ↑ Kadlec, Dan (10 October 2013). "Why We Want - But Can't Have - Personal Finance in Schools". Time. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ↑ What is a Charge Card?. American Express.
- ↑ Lemke and Lins, ERISA for Money Managers, §1:1 (Thomson West, 2013).
- ↑ Chan, K. C. (1988). On the contrarian investment strategy. Journal of Business, 147-163.
- ↑ Goetzmann, William N.; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert (2005). The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets. (Oxford University Press.
拎
[編輯]![](http://178.128.105.246/content-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Personal Finance Definition. Investopedia.
- Personal Finance. Investopedia.