List of khagans of the Göktürks

Khagan (Qaghan) was a title used by the Turkic people of the Medieval Ages. The First and Second Turkic Khaganate were empires ruled by the Ashina tribe of the Göktürks that controlled much of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau between 552 and 745 and composed of confederated Turkic tribes. Their history is turbulent. In the 6th century, they challenged the power of numerous dynasties in the Central Plains. At the end of the century following a civil war, the khaganate was divided into eastern and western wings. In the second half of the 7th century, both wings were defeated by the Tang dynasty. However, in 682 they regained their independence.

Crown of the Turkic khagans, National Museum of Mongolia

Khagans of the Turkic Khaganate

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Title Personal name and other title. Qatun Throne Note
Bumin Qaghan / Illig Qaghan (Yii)
伊利可汗
"Tumen"
"土門" / "土门"
Princess Changle
長樂公主 / 长乐公主
From Western Wei
552
Issik Qaghan
乙息記可汗 / 乙息记可汗
Kara
卡拉
552–553 Son of Bumin Qaghan
Muqan Qaghan
木桿可汗 / 木杆可汗
Yandou / Yen-to
燕都, "俟斤"
553–572 Son of Bumin Qaghan
Taspar Qaghan (Tuobo)
佗缽可汗 / 佗钵可汗
572–581 Son of Bumin Qaghan[1]
Unknown title Anluo / An-lo
庵邏 / 庵逻
581 Son of Tapir Qaghan
Ishbara Qaghan (Shabolue)
沙缽略可汗 / 沙钵略可汗
Shetu / She-t'u
攝圖 / 摄图
Il Kul Shad Bagha Ishbara Qaghan
伊利俱盧設莫何始波羅可汗 / 伊利俱卢设莫何始波罗可汗
Princess Qianjin of Northern Zhou
千金公主
After the fall of Northern Zhou, she was given surname Yang and became Princess Dayi of Sui
大義公主 / 大义公主
581–587 Son of Issik Qaghan[2]
Bagha Qaghan / Yabgu Qaghan
Mohe Kehan 莫何可汗 / Yehe Kehan 葉護可汗
Chuluohou / Ch'u-lo-hou
處羅侯 / 处罗侯
587–588 Son of Issik Qaghan
Tulan Qaghan
Dulan Kehan 都藍可汗
Yongyulü / Yung-yü-lü
雍虞閭 / 雍虞闾
588–599 Son of Ishbara Qaghan

Khagans of the western side of the Turkic Khaganate

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Title Personal name and other title Qatun Throne Note
Yabghu Qaghan
葉護可汗 / 叶护可汗
Istemi
Shidianmi / Shih-tien-mi
室點密 / 室点密
552–575 Younger brother of Bumin Qaghan
Tardu (Datou)
達頭可汗 / 达头可汗
Dianjue / Tien-chüeh
玷厥
575–602 Son of Istemi

Khagans of Apa line

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Title Personal name and other title Qatun Throne Note
Apa Qaghan (Abo)
阿波可汗
Daluobian / Ta-lo-pien
大邏便 / 大逻便
581–587 Son of Muqan Qaghan
Niri Qaghan (Nili)
泥利可汗
587–601 Son of Yangsu Tigin
Grandson of Tardush Qaghan

Khagans of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate

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Title Personal name and other title Qatun Throne Note
Yami Qaghan (Qimin)
啟民可汗 / 启民可汗
Rangan / Jan-kan
染干
Tölis Qaghan
突利可汗 / 突利可汗
Princess Anyi
安義公主 / 安义公主 (597–599)
From Sui
Princess Yicheng
義成公主 / 义成公主 (599–)
From Sui
599–609 Son of Ishbara Qaghan
Shibi Qaghan
始畢可汗 / 始毕可汗
Duojishi / To-chi-shih
咄吉世
Princess Yicheng
義成公主 / 义成公主
609–619 Son of Yami Qaghan[3]
Chuluo Khan
處羅可汗 / 处罗可汗
"Ilteber Shad"
"俟利弗設" / "俟利弗设"
Princess Yicheng
義成公主 / 义成公主
619–620 Son of Yami Qaghan
Illig Qaghan (Xieli)
頡利可汗 / 颉利可汗
Duobi / To-pi
咄苾
"Baghatur Shad"
"莫賀咄設" / "莫贺咄设"
Princess Yicheng
義成公主 / 义成公主
620–630 Son of Yami Qaghan

Khagans under the Jimi system of Tang dynasty

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Title Personal name and other title Qatun Throne Note
Qilibi Khan
俟力苾可汗
Simo / Ssu-mo
思摩
639–644 Son of Tughruq Shad
Chebi Khan
車鼻可汗 / 车鼻可汗
Hubo / Hu-po
斛勃
646–649
Ashina Nishufu Nizük Beg
Nishoufu / Ni-shou-fu
泥熟匐
679–680
Funian / Fu-nien
伏念
680–681 Relative of Illig Qaghan

Khagans of the Western Turkic Khaganate

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Title Personal name and other title Qatun Throne Note
Heshana Khagan
曷娑那可汗, 曷薩那可汗

Daman 達曼 / 达曼
Nijue Chuluo Kehan 泥厥處羅可汗
Princess Xinyi
信義公主 / 信义公主
From Sui
604–611 Son of Niri Qaghan
Sheguy (Shegui)
射匱可汗 / 射匮可汗
610–617 Son of Tughluq Yabghu
Grandson of Tardush Qaghan
Tong Yabghu Qaghan (Tongyehu)
統葉護可汗 / 统叶护可汗
617–630 Son of Tughluq Yabghu
Grandson of Tardush Qaghan
Baghatur Qaghan
莫賀咄可汗 / 莫贺咄可汗
630 Son of Tughluq Yabghu
Grandson of Tardush Qaghan
Si Yabghu Qaghan
肆葉護可汗 / 肆叶护可汗
Dieli Tegin
咥力特勒
630–632 Son of Tuluq Yabghu Qaghan
Tughluq Qaghan
咄陸可汗 / 咄陆可汗
Nizük
泥孰

吞阿婁拔奚利咄陸可汗 / 吞阿娄拔奚利咄陆可汗
632–634 Son of Baghatur Qaghan
Ishbara Tolis
沙缽羅咥利失可汗 / 沙钵罗咥利失可汗
Tonga / Tongra
同俄
634–639 Son of Baghatur Qaghan
Illig Beg Tughluq Qaghan
乙毗咄陸可汗 / 乙毗咄陆可汗
Yukuk Shad
欲谷設 / 欲谷设
638–642 Grandson of Tughluq Yabghu
Illig Qutlugh Illig Beg Qaghan
rival?[citation needed]
乙屈利失乙毘可汗 / 乙屈利失乙毗可汗
639–640 Son of Ishbara Tolis Qaghan
Illig Beg Ishbara Yabghu Qaghan
(rival)
乙毗沙缽羅葉護可汗 / 乙毗沙钵罗叶护可汗
Tigin
薄布特勒
639–641 Son of Genna Shad
Illig Beg Shekuei Qaghan
乙毗射匱可汗 / 乙毗射匮可汗
642–653 Son of Illig Kul Bilge Qaghan
Grandson of Apa Qaghan
Ishbara Qaghan
沙缽羅可汗 / 沙钵罗可汗
Helu
賀魯 / 贺鲁
650–658 Son of Böri Shad
Grandson of Tughluq Yabghu

Xingxiwang khagans

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Title Personal name and other title. Qatun Throne Note
Ashina Mishe

阿史那弥射
莫贺咄叶护
奚利邲咄陆可汗
657–662
Ashina Duzhī
Onoq Qaghan
阿史那都支
十姓可汗
671–679
Ashina Yuanqing 阿史那元庆 685–692 Son of Ashina Mishe
Ashina Tuizi 阿史那俀子 693–694 Son of Ashina Yuanqing
Ashina Xian 阿史那献 708–717 Son of Ashina Yuanqing
Ashia Zhèn 阿史那震 735–736 Son of Ashina Xian

Jiwangjue khagans

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Title Personal name and other title. Qatun Throne Note
Ashina Buzhen 阿史那步真 657–667
Ashina Huseluo
Jiezhong Shizhu Qaghan
阿史那斛瑟罗
竭忠事主可汗
685–703 Son of Ashina Buzhen
Ashina Huaidao 阿史那怀道 704–708 Son of Ashina Huseluo
Ashina Xin 阿史那昕 740–742 Son of Ashina Huaidao

Khagans of the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate

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Title Personal name and other title Qatun Throne Note
Ilterish Qaghan
頡跌利可汗 / 颉跌利可汗
Qutlugh
那骨咄祿 / 骨咄禄
El Bilge Khatun 682–694 Relative of Illig Qaghan
Qapaghan Qaghan
遷善可汗 / 迁善可汗
Mòchuò
默啜
694–716 Younger brother of Ilterish Qaghan
Inel Qaghan
拓西可汗

匐俱
716–717 Son of Qapaghan Qaghan
Bilge Qaghan
毗伽可汗
Bögü
默棘連 / 默棘连
Po Beg 717–734 Son of Ilterish Qaghan
Yiran Qaghan
伊然可汗
- 734-739 Son of Bilge Khagan
Tengri Qaghan
登利可汗
- 739–741 Son of Bilge Khagan
Kutluk Yabgu Qhagan
骨咄
741–742
Ashina Shi
頡跌伊施可汗 / 颉跌伊施可汗
742–744 Uti Beg
Özmiş Khagan
烏蘇米施可汗 / 乌苏米施可汗
742–744 Son of Pan Kul Tigin
White Eyebrow Qaghan
白眉可汗
Kulun Beg
鶻隴匐 / 鹘陇匐
744-745 Son of Pan Kul Tigin
El Etmish Kagan[4] 747–759 Son of Bilge Khagan[5]
Bügü Qaghan[4] 759–779

Sources

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  1. ^ Jean Deny; Louis Bazin; Hans Robert Roemer; György Hazai; Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp (2000). History of the Turkic Peoples in the Pre-Islamic Period. Schwarz. p. 108. ISBN 9783879972838.
  2. ^ Lovell, Julia (2007). The great wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC - AD 2000. Grove Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-8021-4297-9.
  3. ^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006). Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy. State University of New York Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-7914-6587-X.
  4. ^ a b Yu. Zuev (I︠U︡. A. Zuev) (2002) (in Russian), Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology (Rannie ti︠u︡rki: ocherki istorii i ideologii), Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 233, ISBN 9985-4-4152-9.
  5. ^ "Memorial Complex El etmish Bilge kagan (Moyn-Čor)". bitig.kz. Retrieved 22 April 2023.