Igor Tamm
Igor Tamm | |
|---|---|
 Igor Tamm | |
| Born | 8 July 1895 |
| Died | 12 April 1971 (aged 75) |
| Nationality | Soviet Union |
| Alma mater | the Moscow State University |
| Known for | Cherenkov–Vavilov effect Tamm–Dancoff approximation |
| Awards | Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour, Stalin Prize (1954), Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | the Second Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, USSR Academy of Sciences |
| Doctoral students | Leonid Brekhovskikh |
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (Russian И́горь Евге́ньевич Тамм) (8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist, mathematician and a Nobel laureate.
Biography
Tamm was born in Vladivostok, Russian Empire (now Russia), in a Russian-German family (his grandfather emigrated from Thuringia),[1] studied at the grammar school in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovohrad, Ukraine). In 1913-1914 he studied at the University of Edinburgh together with his gymnasium school friend Boris Hessen. He then moved to the Moscow State University from which graduated in 1918.
On 1 May, 1923, Tamm began to teach physics at the Second Moscow State University. The same year, he finished his first scientific paper, Electrodynamics of the Anisotropic Medium in the Special Theory of Relativity.[2] In 1928, he spent a few months with Paul Ehrenfest at the University of Leiden.
In 1932, Tamm published a paper with his proposal of the concept of surface states. This concept is important for MOSFET physics.
In 1945 he developed an approximation method for many-body physics. As Sidney Dancoff developed it independently in 1950, it is now called the Tamm-Dancoff approximation.
He was the Nobel Laureate in Physics for the year 1958 together with Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect.
In 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, Tamm proposed a tokamak system of the realization of CTF on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF, resulting the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device from 1968, when the plasma parameters unique for that time were obtained, of showing the temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community. The western scientists visited the experiment and verified the high temperatures and confinement, sparking a wave of optimism for the prospects of the tokamak as well as construction of new experiments, which is still the dominant magnetic confinement device today.
Tamm was a student of Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam in science and life.
Tamm died in Moscow, Soviet Union, now Russia. The Lunar crater Tamm is named after him.
References
- ^ Chernenko, Gennady (19 October 2004). "Igor Tamm". biographical encyclopedia peoples.ru. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ Evgeniĭ Lʹvovich Feinberg, Reminiscences about I. E. Tamm (1987)
- L. I. Mandelshtam, I. E. Tamm "The uncertainty relation between energy and time in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics", Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (ser. fiz.) 9, 122-128 (1945). English translation: J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 249-254 (1945).
- 1895 births
- 1971 deaths
- Experimental physicists
- Heroes of Socialist Labour
- Moscow State University alumni
- Moscow State University faculty
- Moscow State Pedagogical University faculty
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty
- Nobel laureates in Physics
- Russian Nobel laureates
- Particle physicists
- People from Vladivostok
- Russian inventors
- Russian physicists
- Soviet physicists
- Stalin Prize winners
- Tokamaks
- Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences