Voiceless palatal plosive
| Voiceless palatal plosive | |
|---|---|
| c | |
| IPA Number | 107 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | c |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0063 |
| X-SAMPA | c |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless palatal stop or voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed ⟨c̟⟩ or ⟨t̠ʲ⟩; these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȶ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.
It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.
There is also a voiceless post-palatal stop (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[1] | [[[Albanian alphabet|shqip]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʃcip] | 'Albanian Language' | Merged with [t͡ʃ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers.[2] | |
| Aranda | [example needed] | — | — | Dento-alveolo-palatal and alveolar.[3] | |
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|ttantta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cäɲcä] | 'droplet' | ||
| Blackfoot | ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ/akikoan | [aˈkicoan] | 'girl' | Allophone of /k/ after front vowels. | |
| Bulgarian | Banat dialect | kaćétu | [kacetu] | 'as' | |
| Catalan | Eastern[4] | [adquirir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ət̪k̟iˈɾi(ɾ)] | 'to acquire' | Post-palatal.[4] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.[4] See Catalan phonology |
| Majorcan[5] | [mags] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmacs] | 'wizards' | Simultaneous dento-alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Taiwanese Hokkien | [機車] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: Hani (help)/[[[Taiwanese Romanization System|ki-tshia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ciː˧˧ t͡ɕʰia˥˥] | 'motorcycle' | |
| Corsican | [[[Corsican alphabet|chjodu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈcoːdu] | 'nail' | Also present in the Gallurese dialect | |
| Czech | [čeština] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] | 'Czech language' | Alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[3] See Czech phonology | |
| Dawsahak | [cɛːˈnɐ] | 'small' | |||
| Dinka | [[[Dinka alphabet|car]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [car] | 'black' | ||
| Dutch | mietje | [mic(j)ə] | 'wimp' | ||
| Ega[6] | [cá] | 'understand' | |||
| English[7][8] | [keen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [k̟ʰiːn] | 'keen' | Post-palatal.[7][8] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels and /j/,[8] in Australia it may be (less commonly) palatal instead.[8] See English phonology and Australian English phonology | |
| French[3] | [[[French orthography|qui]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ci] | 'who' (int.) | Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point. See French phonology | |
| Friulian | cjase | [case] | 'house' | ||
| Ganda | caayi | [caːji] | 'tea' | ||
| Greek[9] | Μακεδνός | 'Makedon' | Post-palatal.[9] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Gweno | [ca] | 'to come' | |||
| Hungarian[10] | [[[Hungarian orthography|tyúk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cuːk] | 'hen' | Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | [[[Icelandic orthography|gjóla]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [couːla] | 'light wind' | Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[11] | [chi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'who(m)' | Post-palatal.[11] Allophone of /k/ before /i e ɛ j/.[11] See Italian phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|ceist]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cɛʃtʲ] | 'question' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] See Irish phonology | |
| Khmer | [[[Khmer Script|ចា��]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: kh (help) | [caap] | 'bird' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Kinyarwanda | [ikintu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iciːntu] | 'question' | ||
| Latvian | [[[Latvian alphabet|ķirbis]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈcirbis] | 'pumpkin' | ||
| Low German | Plautdietsch | [kjoakj] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [coac] | 'church' | Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects. |
| Macedonian | вреќа | [ˈvrɛca] | 'sack' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[12] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|fett]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fɛcː] | 'fat' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Limousin | [tireta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ciˈʀetɒ] | 'drawer' | |
| Auvergnat | tirador | [ciʀaˈdu] | 'drawer' | ||
| Portuguese | Some Fluminense speakers | [pequi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pi̥ˈci] | 'pequi' | Allophone of stressed /k/ after [i ~ ɪ] and before close front vowels (/i e ĩ ẽ/). |
| Some Brazilian speakers | [[[Portuguese orthography|metido]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miˈc̟idu] | 'meddlesome', 'cocky' (m.) | Corresponds to the affricate allophone of /t/ before /i/ that is common in Brazil).[13] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian[14] | [[[Romanian alphabet|chin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cin] | 'torture' | Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Romansh | Sursilvan[15] | [notg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nɔc] | 'night' | |
| Sutsilvan[16] | [tgàn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [caŋ] | 'dog' | ||
| Surmiran[17] | [vatgas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɑcɐs] | 'cows' | ||
| Puter[18] | [zücher] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtsycər] | 'sugar' | ||
| Vallader[19] | [müs-chel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmyʃcəl] | 'moss' | ||
| Slovak | [[[Slovak orthography|deväť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟɛvæc] | 'nine' | Alveolar.[3] | |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|köy]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cʰœj] | 'village' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[20] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|chị]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] | 'elder sister' | May be slightly affricated [t͡ɕ]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | [[[West Frisian language|tjems]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cɛms] | 'strainer' | ||
| Western Desert | kutju | [kucu] | 'one' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
- ^ Kolgjini (2004).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Recasens (2013), p. 11–13.
- ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
- ^ a b Lyons (1981), p. 76.
- ^ a b c d Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
- ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 62.
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Menzli (1993), p. 92.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
Bibliography
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 3-8233-4973-2
- Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
- Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
