Outline of sharks
Appearance
![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_shark.jpg/220px-White_shark.jpg)
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to sharks:
Sharks (superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 440 million years ago, before the time of the dinosaurs.[1]
Fields that study sharks
[edit]- Ichthyology – branch of zoology devoted to fish (including sharks)
- Meristics – branch of ichthyology that relates to counting features of fish, such as the number of fins or scales
Description
[edit]A shark, also called a "selachimorph", can be described as all of the following:
- Animal – multicellular, eukaryotic organism of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. An animal's body plan eventually becomes fixed as it develops, although some types of animal undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most kinds of animal are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently.
- Chordate – Chordates (phylum Chordata) are animals which are either vertebrates or one of several closely related invertebrates.
- Fish – gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate (or craniate) animal that lacks limbs with digits.
- Chondrichthye (cartilaginous fish) – jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-chambered hearts, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
- Elasmobranch – member of the subclass Elasmobranchii, which includes sharks, rays, and skates.
- Chondrichthye (cartilaginous fish) – jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-chambered hearts, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
- Fish – gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate (or craniate) animal that lacks limbs with digits.
- Chordate – Chordates (phylum Chordata) are animals which are either vertebrates or one of several closely related invertebrates.
- Predator – organism that attacks and feeds on prey (the organism that is attacked).[2]
- Apex predator – some shark species are apex predators, that is, predators with no predators of their own, residing at the top of their food chain.[3]
Biological classification
[edit]![Diagram showing shark "family tree"](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Extant_Shark_Orders.svg/350px-Extant_Shark_Orders.svg.png)
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Chondrichthyes
- Subclass: Elasmobranchii
- Superorder: Selachimorpha
Types of sharks
[edit]List of sharks Subdivisions of the biological classification Selachimorpha include:
- Carcharhiniformes – ground sharks
- Heterodontiformes – bullhead sharks
- Hexanchiformes – the five extant species of the most primitive types of sharks
- Lamniformes – mackerel sharks
- Orectolobiformes – includes carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs, and the whale shark
- Pristiophoriformes – includes sawsharks
- Squaliformes – includes gulper sharks, bramble sharks, lantern sharks, rough sharks, sleeper sharks and dogfish sharks
- Squatiniformes – angel sharks
- † Cladoselachiformes
- † Hybodontiformes
- † Symmoriida
- † Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)
Shark behavior
[edit]![Photo of front page of newspaper showing photo of large shark with open mouth](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/PhiladelphiaInquirerJuly151916.gif/170px-PhiladelphiaInquirerJuly151916.gif)
- Predation
- Shark threat display – Behaviour shown by some sharks when threatened
- Spy hopping – Raising the head out of the water
Shark attacks
[edit]- International Shark Attack File
- List of fatal shark attacks in the United States
- Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 – series of shark attacks along the coast of New Jersey between July 1 and July 12, 1916[4]
- Summer of the Shark – the name given to the summer of 2001 by American media outlets capitalizing on a bull shark attack and subsequent shark attacks [5]
Range and habitats of sharks
[edit]Range
[edit]- Bodies of water in which sharks can be found include:
- Seas: all
- Freshwater – some species of shark can live both in seawater and freshwater, and include:
- Depths: from the surface down to depths of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).
![Photo of whale shark with silhouettes of human observers at bottom of picture](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/200px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg)
Habitats
[edit]- White Shark Cafe – remote mid-Pacific Ocean area noted as a winter and spring habitat of otherwise coastal great white sharks
Sharks in captivity
[edit]- Shark tank
- Shark tunnel – underwater tunnel that passes through an aquarium that keeps sharks
Shark anatomy
[edit]![Anatomical shark drawing showing snout, nostril, eye, spiracle, dorsal fin spine, first and second dorsal fins, precaudal pit, caudal fin, caudal keel, anal fin, clasper, pelvic fin, pectoral fin, gill openings, labial furrow, and mouth](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parts_of_a_shark.svg/500px-Parts_of_a_shark.svg.png)
- Physical characteristics of sharks – shark skeleton, respiration and skin
- Dermal denticle – small outgrowths which cover the skin of sharks
- Ampullae of Lorenzini – sensing organ that helps sharks and fish to sense electric fields
- Electroreception – the biological ability to perceive electrical impulses (see also Ampullae of Lorenzini)
- Lateral line – sense organ that detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water
- Shark cartilage – material that a sharks' skeleton is composed of
- Shark teeth
- Spiracle – pumps water across gills
- Clasper – the anatomical structure that male sharks use for mating
- Fish anatomy – generic description of fish anatomy
Protective equipment
[edit]![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shark_net_example.svg/250px-Shark_net_example.svg.png)
- Drum lines
- Shark net – submerged net placed around beaches to reduce shark attacks on swimmers
- Shark proof cage – cage from which a SCUBA diver can examine sharks more safely
- Shark repellent – method of driving sharks from an area, object, person, or animal
- Magnetic shark repellent – use of permanent magnets to repel sharks
- Protective oceanic device – first successful electronic shark repellent
- Shark suit
Shark fishing
[edit]![Photo of single-masted boat at sea](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg/220px-Ecuadorian_fishing_boat.jpg)
- Drivers of the shark trade
- Land-based shark fishing – fishing for sharks from land such as a beach, shoreline, jetty, pier, or bridge
- Shark finning – the removal of shark fins for commercial purposes
Shark conservation
[edit]![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grey_Nurse_Shark_at_Fish_Rock_Cave%2C_NSW.jpg/220px-Grey_Nurse_Shark_at_Fish_Rock_Cave%2C_NSW.jpg)
- 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition – first publicized cageless dive with great white sharks which contributed to changing public opinions about the supposed "killing machine"
- Shark Alliance – coalition of nongovernmental organizations dedicated to restoring and conserving shark populations by improving European fishing policy
- Shark Conservation Act – proposed US law to protect sharks
- Shark sanctuary – Palau's first-ever attempt to prohibit taking sharks within its territorial waters
- Shark tourism – form of ecotourism showcasing sharks
- Shark Trust – A UK organisation for conservation of sharks
Notable sharks
[edit]- Stronsay Beast – large, dead creature washed ashore on Stronsay, in the Orkney Islands, after a storm in 1808, later presumed to be a basking shark
Notable researchers and people
[edit]![Photo of bearded man](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hans_Hass.jpg/170px-Hans_Hass.jpg)
- Peter Benchley – author of the novel Jaws, later worked for shark conservation
- Eugenie Clark – American ichthyologist researching poisonous fish and the behavior of sharks; popularly known as The Shark Lady
- Leonard Compagno – international authority on shark taxonomy, best known for 1984 catalog of shark species (FAO)
- Jacques-Yves Cousteau – French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water including sharks
- Ben Cropp – Australian former shark hunter, who stopped in 1962 to produce some 150 wildlife documentaries
- Richard Ellis – American marine biologist, author, and illustrator.
- Rodney Fox – Australian film maker, conservationist, survivor of great white shark attack and one of the world's foremost authorities on them
- Andre Hartman – South African diving guide best known for free-diving unprotected with great white sharks
- Hans Hass – diving pioneer, known for shark documentaries
- Mike Rutzen – great white shark expert and outspoken champion of shark conservation; known for free diving unprotected with great white sharks
- Ron and Valerie Taylor – ex-spearfishing champions who switched from killing to filming underwater documentaries
- Rob Stewart (filmmaker) – Canadian photographer, filmmaker and conservationist. He was best known for making and directing the documentary film Sharkwater
See also
[edit]- List of ichthyology terms
- List of megamouth shark specimens and sightings
- List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
- List of sharks in the Red Sea
References
[edit]- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Geologic Time". ReefQuest. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
- ^ Begon, M., Townsend, C., Harper, J. (1996). Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities (Third edition). Blackwell Science, London. ISBN 0-86542-845-X, ISBN 0-632-03801-2, ISBN 0-632-04393-8.
- ^ "apex predator". PBS. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ Fernicola, Twelve Days of Terror
- ^ "Summer of the Shark". Time. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on July 24, 2001. Retrieved May 20, 2010.