Hausawa
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Jimlar yawan jama'a | |
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40,000,000 | |
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Kameru, Najeriya, Nijar, Sudan, Cadi, Mali, Senegal, Gabon, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kwango, Gini Ikwatoriya, Guinea-Bissau, Gambiya, Ghana, Habasha, Eritrea da Aljeriya |
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Hausa (Sunan mutum ɗaya a jinsin mace da namiji: Bahaushe بَهَوْشٜىٰ (N), Bahaushiya بَهَوْشِيَا (M); Jami'i: Hausawa هَوْسَاوَا da kuma mai gaba ɗaya wato sunan harshen: Hausa;[1] Ajami: مُتَـٰنٜىنْ هَوْسَا) al'umma ce dake zaune a arewa maso yammacin tarayyar Nijeriya. Da kudu maso yammacin jamhuriyyar Nijar. Al'umma ce mai ɗimbin yawa, sun bazu a cikin ƙasashen Afirka,[2][3] da kasashen Larabawa, kuma a al'adance masu matuƙar hazaƙa ne, aƙalla akwai fiye da mutane miliyan hamsin waɗanda harshen Hausa shine asalin harshensu. A tarihi ƙabilar Hausawa na tattare a salsalar birane wato alƙarya. Hausawa dai sun sami kafa daularsu ne tun daga shekarun 1300's, sa'adda suka sami nasarori da dauloli kamar su daular Mali, Songhai, Borno, da kuma Fulani, a ƙarni na 19,Hausawa suna amfani da Kuma Doki ne domin yin sufuri da balaguro.[4] Mutane kimanin sama da Kuma miliyan 50, ne ke magana da harshen Hausa a Najeriya da Nijar da Arewacin Ghana da kuma wasu al’umma daga yankin Kaolack a senigal har zuwa khartum dake ƙasar Sudan, Asalin inda zuri'ar Hausawa take shi ne Kano da Katsina da kuma Sokoto.[5] Asalin Hausawa maguzawa ne, amma sun shafe daruruwan shekaru da karɓar addinin musulunci ƙarkashin mulkin sarakunan Haɓe, wanda suka daina yin bori da tsubbace-tsubbace, zuwan Shehu Usman dan Fodio ne yasa ya kawar da mulkin waɗannan sarakunan na ƙasar Hausa, ta hanyar yaƙar Hausawa da sarakunansu na haɓe a Gobir, Zazzau da wasu yankunan ƙasar Hausa. Wanda wannan juyin mulkin ne yasa Shehu Usman ɗan Fodio ya kafa Daular Fulani a Hausa Fulani a ƙasar Hausa, kuma hakan yasa masarautun Ƙasar Hausa sun kasance a ƙungiyar tuta ɗaya ta Usman dan Fodio.[6] Hausawa suna kiran al’adunsu da al’adun gargajiya, wacce suke yi duk shekara, ko a talabijin ko Bidiyo, ko kuma aikace cikin al’amuran yau da kullum.[7] Na daga cikin rubutun Hausawa, suna yin rubutu ne asali da Ajami, rubutu ne da haruffan larabci amman a luggar Hausa, kuma suna rubutawa ne a fallen takarda.[8]
Tarihi.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A farko-farkon ƙarni na 19, a sa'adda ƙabilar Hausawa ke yunƙurin kawar da mulkin aringizo na Fulani, sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya suka mamaye Arewancin Najeriya, da kuma kafa manufofin mulkinsu, a bisa karkashin mulkin Birtaniya, 'yan mulkin mallaka sai suka marawa Fulani baya na cigaba da manufofin aringizon siyasarsu, har yanzu dai mulkin gamin-gambiza tsakanin Hausawa da Fulani shi ne ya yi kane-kane a arewacin Najeriya. Kodayake, Hausawa na farko-farko maharba ne, amma da zuwan Addinin Musulunci da kuma karɓarsa da hannu bibbiyu ya sanya labari ya sha bambam. Daura Ƙasa ce wadda a kasani mai daɗaɗɗen tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. A ƙabilun Fulani majiɓinta Hausawa akwai Sullubawa da Mallawa da Yolawa da Joɓawa da Danejawa da Dambazawa da Rumawa har ma da Modibawa. Bahaushe ya kan ce “ Bahaushe mai ban haushi. Kaso mutum ka rasa abinda za ka bashi”.[9] Miles a cikin littafinsa ya kawo ma'aunan da Hausawa suke la'akari da su a hankalce wajen gane cikakken Bahaushe, suna duba waɗannan abubuwan kamar haka:
- Addini
- Garin Haihuwa
- Kakanni
- Jama’a
- Ƙasa
- Ƙabila
- Birni Ko Gari
- Launin Fata .[10]
Bayajidda.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayajidda: Sunansa Abu Yazidu, Ya kuma auri Magajiya Daurama a wannan lokacin, sun haifi yara biyu, Yaronsu mai suna Bawo ya haifi 'ya'ya bakwai, wato (Hausa Bakwai), sune: Daurawa da Kanawa da Gobirawa da Ranawa da Zazzagawa da Katsinawa da kuma Birmawa. Sannan kuma, ɗayan ɗan na Bayajidda mai suna "KARAB-DA-GARI" shi ma ya haifi 'ya'ya guda bakwai. Waɗanda ake kira da Banza Bakwai daga baya kuma Masarautar Daura ta sauya sunan zuwa ('Yan'uwa Bakwai ko kuma Ƙanne Bakwai). Suma sun jagoranci garuruwan "yan'uwa bakwai" irin su, Zamfara da Yawuri da Nufe da Kwararrafa da Ilorin da Kebbi da kuma Gwari. [11]
Wanene Bahaushe?
BAHAUSHE Shi ne wanda mahaifinsa BAHAUSHE ne.
Bahaushe Shi ne wanda kuma ya yarda shi BAHAUSHE ne yana jin farin-ciki da ɗaukakar ƙabilar Hausawa ya kuma yi baƙin-ciki da naƙasunsu sannan baya alaƙanta kansa da ko wacce ƙabila sai Hausa.[12]
Hausa: Musulunci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci da tasiri a wajen Hausawa, ta yanda hakan yasa Hausawa suke kallon duk wanda ba musulmi ba kamar ba Bahaushe bane.[14][12]
Fatauci da Ci-rani da Almajiranci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausawa sun shahara a fannin kasuwanci da safarar haja zuwa wurare masu nisa. Kuma sun shahara ne wajen kutsa kai zuwa wasu ƙasashe, domin yaɗa addini ko neman aiki. Kusan ma a ce, Afirka tsawonta da faɗinta babu inda ba su buga ba. Tun ƙarni na goma sha daya (11) Hausawa ke hulɗa da kasashen Larabawa. Suna ƙetara hamadar rairayi ta sahara, suna zuwa Maghrib (watau Maroko da Aljeriya da Tunisiya) da lubayya ko Turabulus (watau Libiya). Kuma suna ketara chadi zuwa Sudan da Masar da ƙasar Makka (Saudi Arebiya). Suna kai musu fatu da ƙiraga da bayi, su kuma suna sayo tufafi da makamai. Wajen kudu da yamma kuwa, Hausawa suna kutsa kai cikin ƙasar yarbawa da Gwanja da Dogomba da Ashanti a Ghana, a nan babban abin safarar su shi ne goro da gishiri. Su kuma sukan kai musu kanwa.[15]
Bauta da Barance a wurin Bahaushe ba munanan abubuwa bane, musamman abinda ya shafi koyan sana’a, bawa yana fansar kansa ne ta hanyar sana’a kuma mai koyan sana’a yana yin barance ne a gidan mai koya masa. Irin wannan almajirancin ana kiransa bauta. Duk mai wata sana’a ko ɗan kasuwa ko malami, yana alfaharin ace wasu sun koya a wurinsa har sun ƙasaita, kuma sun fi shi.[16]
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Wani Bahaushe a shekarar 1900.
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Hotan wani Bahaushe a Shekarar 1902.
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Hausawa sanye da kayan al'ada
Hausawa a Ƙarni na 16 (1500)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausawa a Ƙarni na 19 (1800)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausawa a Ƙarni na na 20 (1900)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausawa a Ƙarni na na 21 (2000)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasar Hausa.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin ƙasar Hausa tana yankin Afrika ta yamma, tsakanin hamadar sahara da kuma tekun atalantika, daga kudu da arewa, daga yamma da gabas kuma iyakar kwara. Ƙasar Hausa na iyakar layi na 15N zuwa 18N na arewa. Tana kuma tsakanin layi na (8E) da goma sha biyu (12W) a gabas[17]. A bisa bayanin Mahdi Adamu, ƙasar Hausa ta asali ta faro ne tun daga lalle da Asodu, a can arewa maso gabas da agadas. Daga nan ne Gobirawa suka taso, da kaɗan-kaɗan har suka zo inda suke a yau a Nijeriya. A yanzu kuwa, Hausa tana yaɗuwa ne. Tana ƙoƙarin komawa har zuwa gidanta na jiya ƙarshen iyakar ƙasar Hausa. A kudu kuwa shi ne, Yawuri da Zariya da inda Bauchi ta yi iyaka da Kano. Garun-gabas, watau (Biram) ita ce iyakar ƙasar Hausa daga gabas. A yamma kuwa bakin ta Filinge. Ƙasar Hausa ita ce inda ba a bukatar naɗa Sarkin Hausawa watau wannan bayani ya ware duk wasu zango-zango, inda ake magana da Hausa.[18] Daura a ƙarni na 12, tana sarautar fiye da garuruwa sittin.
Kasar Hausa ta kunshi arewacin Najeriya da kuma kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar.
Raba Nijar da Nijeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƴardaji da Yekuwa karo na farko an raba su a dalilin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da turawan Birtaniya, inda yekuwa ta faɗa ɓangaren Nijar a karkashin mulkin mallakan faransa, inda kuma dukkanin Daura da Ɓaure da kuma Zango suka faɗa Najeriya ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Turawan Ingila.[19] Turawa sun zo Ƙasar Hausa ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17.[20] A shekara ta1906 zuwa shekara ta 1908, Kaptin Tilho da kuma Majo O’shee’ sune suka saka turaka 148 a matsayin shaida akan inda Nieriya ta tsaya zuwa inda Nijar ta fara.[21] Turaka 63 suna da tsawon ƙafa 15, wanda aka turke a cikin ƙasa, a bisa nisan ƙafa 4-5.[21] A tsakanin turaka na 93 da 94 aka samar da iyakan Nijar da Najeriya, wanda ya raba ƴardaji dake Najeriya da yekuwa dake Nijar.[22]
Harshe.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harshen Hausa shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara da watsuwa ko haɓaka a nahiyar Afirka. Harshen aro wasu kalmomi daga wasu harsuna musamman Larabci da Ingilishi, kana kuma harshen na tafiya tare da yanayinmu na zamani, bisa al'adar cuɗe-ni-in-cuɗe-ka. Harshen Hausa dai ya zama harshen hulɗatayya ta yau da kullum ga miliyoyin jama'a da ba Hausawa bane a nahiyar Afirka.
Mutane.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]sune suka fi kowacce ƙabila yawa a Afrika maso yamma.[23]
Hausa Bakwai sune:
- Daurawa
- Kanawa
- Gobirawa
- Ranawa,
- Zazzagawa
- Katsinawa
- Birmawa.[11]
Zaria: Yawancin mutanen dake zaria ba Hausawa bane a mahangar tarihi, yawancinsu mutane ne yan asalin kabilar Fulani da kuma mutanen da suka yi hijira zuwa garin zaria.[24]
Country | Population |
---|---|
Côte d'Ivoire | 1,035,000[25] |
Benin | 1,028,000[26] |
Sudan | 500,000[27] |
Cameroon | 386,000[28] |
Chad | 287,000[29] |
Ghana | 281,000[30] |
Central African Republic | 33,000[31] |
Eritrea | 30,000[32] |
Equatorial Guinea | 26,000[33] |
Togo | 21,000[34] |
Congo | 12,000[35] |
Gabon | 12,000[36] |
Algeria | 11,000[37] |
Gambia | 10,000[38] |
Maza
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Addini.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin Hausawa Musulmai ne mabiya Sunna, suna bin mazhabin Malikiyya, wanda shi ne mazhabin da aka basu tin a jihadin Usman Dan Fodiyo, Musulunci ya kasan ce a ƙasar Hausa tin kimanin ƙarni na 11th, wanda akan iya bada tarihin Wali Muhammad ɗan Masani (d.1667) da kuma Wali Muhammad ɗan Marna (d. 1655) na Jihar Katsina, wanda masu fatauci suke yada addinin zuwa garuruwan Hausawa, amman a ƙarni na 11, yawancin Hausawa na wannan lokacin Maguzawa ne.
A farkon Ƙarni na 19th ne aka yi jihadi domin jaddada Addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa, inda aka yaka sarkin Gobir mai suna Yunfa, sannan aka kafa daular musulunci ta farko a garin Sokoto a shekarar 1804.[39] Hausawa sun taka rawar gani sosai wajen yaɗa Addinin Musulunci a cikin ƙasar Hausa, da kuma Afirka ta Yamma, suna kiran sarakunan su da wakilai na Musulunci, amman Sarkin Sakkwato shi ne Sarkin Musulmi.[40] Karatun Alqur’ani yana da matukar muhimmanci a ƙasar Hausa, wanda tun a da da yanzu sukeyi.[41]
Mafi akasarin Hausawa musulmai ne, sabili da haka galibin al’dunsu da suka shafi aure da haihuwa da mutuwa, duka sun ta’allaƙa ne da wannan addini. Sai dan abinda ba a rasawa na daga al’adunsu na gargajiya, musamman wajen maguzawa.[42] Musulunci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci da tasiri a wajen Hausawa, ta yanda hakan Hausawa suke kallon duk wanda Bahaushe ne amma ba musulmi ba kamar ba Bahaushe bane.[43][44] Aikin Hajji Yana ɗaya daga cikin Rukunnan Musulunci guda biyar Hausawa suna zuwa aikin Hajji sosai zuwa Makka, musamman ma mutanen Kano da Sokoto da Katsina, Hausawa su kance Alhaji suna nufin wanda yaje Makkah ya yi Aikin Hajji, Jam’in sa shi ne Alhazai, mace kuma Hajiya.[45] Hakan ya samo asali ne tin a ƙarni na 19, a ƙasar Hausa, amman a ƙarni na 21, kalmar Alhaji da Hajiya yana daukan ma'anar mutum mai kudi, koda ko bai taɓa zuwa aikin Hajji ba.
Al'adu.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ginshiƙan al'adun Hausawa na da su ne mutuƙar jarunta da ƙwarewa da sanayya fiye da sauran al'ummar dake kewayenta. Bugu da ƙari, akwai cincirindon al'ummar Hausawa a manyan biranen yammacin Afirka da arewacin Afirka da kuma yankunan cinikayyar al'ummar Hausawa da kuma yankunan da Hausawa suka jima suna bi a hanyar zuwa aikin Hajji. Akwai kuma rubutattun adabi masu zurfi da ƙasidu da kuma rubuce-rubuce a rubutun ajami da aka buga tun kafin zuwan Turawa 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Har ila yau, kuma wani tsarin rubutu na ajami da aka kirkiro tun kafin zuwan Turawa, da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba yanzu.[46][47]
Hausawa mutane ne masu tsananin riƙo da al’adunsu na gargajiya, musamman wajan tufafi, da abinci, da al’amuran da suka shafi aure. Ko haifuwa ko mutuwa da sha’anin mu’amala tsakanin dangi da abokai da shugabanni da sauransu da kuma al'a’amuran sana’a ko kasuwanci ko neman ilimi.[42]
Tun daga zuwan Turawa har zuwa yau, Hausawa suna cikin al'ummomin da basu saki tufafin su na gargajiya sun ari na baƙi ba. Yawanci adon namiji a Hausa baya wuce babbat riga, da wando musamman tsala. Da takalmin fata ko ƙafa-ciki da hula ƙube ko dankwara ko dara. Idan kuma basarake ne ko malami ko dattijo, ya kan sa rawani. Adon yammata kuwa, zane ne da gyauto da gyale da kallabi da ƴan kunne da dutsan wuya watau sarƙa.[48] Mai Gari: A ƙasar Hausa shugaban ƙauye ko unguwa shi ake kira da Mai-gari.[49]
Auran Hausawa.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aure ya rabu kashi-kashi. Akwai auren soyayya da auren dole/tilas da auren biyayya ma'ana shi ne auren da iyaye za su haɗa 'yayansu aure saboda biyayya su haƙura su zauna lafiya, suna daga cikin nau'in auren Hausawa auren zumunta da auren sadaka da auren ɗiban wuta da auren dangana-sanda da auren gayya da auren ɗiban haushi ko ɗiban takaici da ɗiban tsiwa ko kece raini, da kashin ƙwarnafi da sauran ire-irensu.[50] Aure: Asalin al’adar Hausawa a aure suna kwana bakwai ne a shagali, kwana ukun farko za a yi ne a gidan amarya. Sauran kwanakin kuma a gidan ango.[51][52]
- Auren soyayya:
Shi aure na soyayya aure ne wanda saurayi ke ganin budurwa ya ce yana sonta da aure, ita kuma sai ta amince masa, iyayenta ma su yarda da maganar, kana sai a zo a yi niyyar ɗaurin aure[50]
- Auren dole/Tilas
A nan saurayi ya kan ga yarinya ne yace yana sonta da aure, amma ita bata amince masa ba. Iyayenta kuma su zartar da hukunci, watau ko suna so, ko suna ƙi. Har ma akan bada yarinya ga wanda yake sa’an mahaifinta ne. Ko kuma sa’an kakanta, alhali kuma bata so, tana da wanda take so, kuma akan nemawa saurayi budurwa ba tare da yana so ba, saboda wata alaƙa ko yarjejeniya da yake tsakanin iyayensu.[50]
- Auren zumunta
Wannan aure ne wanda ake nema wa yaro ko yarinya daga cikin dangin uwa ko dangin uba, ba tare da an shawarci yaron ko yarinyar ba. Irin wannan auren, ana yinsa don ƙara danƙon zumunta tsakanin ƴan'uwa.[50]
- Auren Sadaka
Shi auren sadaka aure ne da ake bayar da yarinya ga wani, saboda neman tubarriki, kamar irin sadakar da ake ba malamai ko almajiransu, musamman idan yarinya ta girma bata samu mashinshini da wuri ba. Ana yin auren sadaka don gudun kada ta jawo wa iyayenta abin kunya wani lokaci kuma idan mutum bai sami haihuwa da wuri ba, yakan yi alƙawarin cewa, zai bada ita sadaka in ya samu, yakan ba wani ya ce, in ya sami ƴa’ har ta rayu zai sadaka da ita. Sai kuma wanda za ka ga wani yana son yarka, amman ba shi da kuɗin aurenta kai kuma kana da kuɗi sai ka bashi sadaka.[50]
- Auren kashe wuta
Wannan auren yana kasancewa bayan miji ya saki mace saki uku, alhali kuwa matar nan tana son mijinta, shima yana son ta, dole sai ta auri wani mutum, kafin ta samu damar komawa zuwa ga mijinta na farko. To, auren nan da tayi, da ƙudurin cewa zata dawo wurin mijinta na da, wannan shi ne auren kisan wuta ko kashe wuta.[50]
- Auren dangane sanda ko Auren ɗauki sandarka
Mutum ya kan auri matar da ke zaune a gidan kanta. Sai ya zamana baza ta iya tasowa ta zo gidansa ba, saboda waɗansu dalilai. Hakazalika shima ba zai iya zuwa gidanta ya zauna ba. Sai dai ya riƙa zuwa cen gidanta yana kwana. Irin wannan aure, dalilin da yasa ake kiransa dangana-sanda, saboda mai gida yana dangana sandarsa a bakin ƙofar ɗakinta ne, sannan ya shiga ya kwana wasu kuma suna Kiran wannan aure da auren-takalmi ko Auren ɗauki sandarka. [53]
- Auren gayya
Idan matar mutum ta fita, alhali kuwa yana sonta, ya dai sake ta ne don ta addabe shi, to sai yabyi sauri ya yi wani aure kafin ya sake ta, ko kafin ta gama idda. Ba don komai zai yi wannan auren ba sai don kawai ya fanshe haushinsa, ko kuma don kada matar ta riga shi yin wani auren.[53]
- Auren diban haushi
Ana kuma kiransa auren ɗiban takaici, ko auren tsiwa, ko na kece raini da kashin ƙwarnafi. Idan matar mutum ta dame shi da fitina, yakan yi takanas ya auri wata mace mai kyau ko dukiya ko asali ko addini, fiye da wacce take gidansa, ko wacce ya saki, ana yin wannan auren don kawai fanshe haushi ko ɗebe takaici ko don a gusar da wulaƙanci da raini da kuma tsiwa na ba gaira ba dalili. [53]
Mu'amala
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hakazalika wajen mu’amala da iyaye ko dangi ko abokai, ko shuwagabanni ko maƙwafta ko wanin waɗannan. Galibinsu na musulunci ne haka kuma sha’anoninsu na sana’a da harkar kasuwanci da kuma neman ilimi, duk a jikin musulunci suka rataya.[54] karamci da girmama baƙo yana ɗaya daga cikin al’ada da addinin Hausawa, kuma shi ne alfaharin Hausawa girmama baƙo.[55] Bahaushe ya kanyi Karin magana yace “ Baƙon ka Annabinka”. ma'ana, ka girmama shi matukar girmamawa.
Ranar Sallah
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Neman aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matakan neman aure sune kyautar da yaro ko iyayensa sukan kai gidansu yarinyar da yaro yake so ya nema. Sabili da haka, yakan ba diyar wani abu taɓawa. Ko kuma ya kai kyautar wurin iyayenta, ko wasu waɗanda suke da dangantaka da ita, yadda zata gane cewa ana sonta. Ko kuma akwai wani abu mai muhimmanci gidansu, kamar kayan-na-gani-ina-so bayan waɗannan ake ƙunshewa a ba wa wata tsohuwa ko wani mutum ya kai, daga nan kuma sai a bashi dama ya dinga zuwa yana magana da yarinyar a gidansu, ko gidan wani ɗan'uwanta makusanci, inda ba a yadda za a yi wata munaƙisa ko wani abu na assha ba. A nan ne yake zuwa shi ko kuma tare da abokansa su zauna su tattauna tare da yarinyar.[56]
Sadaki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]kuɗi ne wanda mace take ayyanawa a bisa ƙa’idar aure. Kuɗin da ake iya bayarwa a matsyin sadaki, ya tashi tun daga zumbar goma, watau sule da taro ko kwabo goma sha biyar, har zuwa abinda ya ninninka wannan. A wannan kuɗin yau lissafi ya kama daga kwabo goma sha biyu da rabi.[57]
Waliyyai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]waliyyan aure sune dangi na ma’auran nan biyu, akasari iyaye ne ko WALIYYAN AURE: Waliyyan aure sune dangi na ma’auran nan biyu, akasari iyaye ne ko ƴa’ƴa ko ƙanne, waɗanda suke wakiltar sashen yaro da sashen yarinya wajen ɗaurin aure. Baza a ɗaura aure ba sai da su.[57]
Shaidu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a ɗaurin aure a ɓoye. Dole sai mutane sun shaida. To, mutanen da suke halartar wajen ɗaurin aure, sune shaidu. Lokacin da za a yi fatiha an faɗa a kunnensu sun saurara ko sunji sun shaida cewa, an bada wance ga wane.[57]
Goro da Kudin ɗaurin Aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Goro da kuɗi, waɗanda ake rabawa a wajen ɗaurin auren ana raba goro ga dukkan waɗnda suka halarci ɗaurin auren. Ana bayar da kuɗin zaure da kuɗin liman da kuɗin tauba, sai da kakanni. Kuma ana fitar da kuɗin maroƙa da na ƙattan gari. Ana raba kuɗin ne yayin da aka taru za a shafa fatiha. Akan aikawa ƴan'uwa da masoya da kuma abokan arziƙi domin sanarwa da za a ɗaura auren wane da wance a gidan wane. Saboda haka ana gayyatarsu ran kaza a watan kaza da lokaci kaza.[58]
Lefe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tufafi ne da kayan shafe-shafe da takalma da sauran kayayyakin adon mata, su ɗan kunne da sarƙar wuya da tsakin lefe, a haɗa a sa a cikin lefe, ko fantimoti. Ko kwalla ko akwati, a ba wasu mata su kai gidansu yarinya. Wani lokacin kuma akan tara lefe da yawa na masu so daban daban-daban a ajiye har sa’ar da aka tabbatar da wanda aka ga ya dace ya aureta sa’annan a mayarwa sauran nasu, a basu hakuri, shi kuma da aka zaɓi nasa da zarar ya ji an tabbatar masa sai ya aika da neman a sa ranar biki.[59]
Zaman lalle
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amarya takan yi ƴan kwanaki biyu ko fiye da haka tana cikin lalle, ana kaita gida-gida ana yi mata gargaɗi, a ja kunnenta kuma a riƙa koya mata waɗansu abubuwa na addini da yadda ake zamantakewar rayuwa. Kuma ƴan'uwa suna yi mata hidima don ganin damarsu da kuma son ransu, kafin ta koma zuwa gidansu ko gidan wani.[60]
Jere
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu daga cikin makusantan amarya, sune zasu ɗauki ɗawainiyar gyara ɗakin amarya,su yi jere da kafin gado da
ƙawata ɗaki da yin wasu al’adu kamar kafi (Tsari) ko kuma addu’o’i na gargajiya, saboda fatan samun zaman lafiya da kuma kare kai. A rannan ne akan ja kunnen amarya da barin wasu munanan ɗabi’u da yin kyawawansu da dai nisantar aikata abinda zai kawo rashin jituwa a tsakaninsu[61].
Budan kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani ɗan bulaguro ne wanda amarya take yi zuwa gidansu, bayan kwana hudu ko biyu ko kuma ma mako ɗaya, saboda a zo a yi mata jeren ɗaki, takan yi wannan ƴar ƙaura don a sami damar yi mata wasu ƴan gyare-gyare, kamar su kitso da aski da shirye-shiryen zama da mijinta.[62]
Aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aure na da alaƙa ne ta haliccin zaman tare tsakanin namiji da kuma mace. Ana yinsa ne saboda abinda aka haifa ya samu asali da mutunci da kiwon iyaye. Kuma shi ne maganin zina ga ƴaƴa marasa iyaye. Aure muhimmin abu ne ga al’umma. Saboda haka akwai hanyoyi ayyanannu na tabbatar da shi.[63][64]
Sayen baki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan ƴanmata sun watse, sai abokan ango su zo don a sayi bakin amarya, saboda baza ta yi musu magana ba sai an biya. Kuma a nan ne samari sukan yi ta wasa ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran magana kala-kala. Sayen baki yakan kasance da daddare ne, a inda ake sakewa ana darawa da kuma nishaɗi.[65]
Tarewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga nan kuma sai shirya tarewarta a gidan miji. A ranar tarewa, sai ƴanuwan miji mata su zo gidansu amarya suna neman a basu matarsu, har su bada wani kuɗi na sayen amaryar, sannan a naɗa wata yarinya amaryar boko, bayan tsofaffi mata sun kai amarya ta gaskiya gidan mijinta, sai a sa wata yarinya ta zama kamar itace amarya. Har a kaita gidan miji ana ta waƙe-waƙe na addini ko na batsa, saboda gudun wata makida ko makirci ko maƙarƙashiya wanda yakan faru daga wasu.[65]
Haihuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga zarar iyaye sun tabbatar da samuwar ciki, sukan fara shirye-shirye saboda zuwan jaririn, uba yakan fara siyan itatuwa da tukunya domin wankan jariri da mahaifiyarsa. Yawancin lokuta akan samu tsohuwar mace wacce aka fi sani da Unguwar-zoma wadda take kula da lafiyar jariri da mahaifiyarsa, ta hanyar gyaran cibiyar jaririn da kuma tabattar da cewa mahaifiyar ta yi wanka da ruwan zafi na aƙalla kwana bakwai, kamar yadda al'ada ta tanadar.[66] Sinadaran yin wanka sun ƙunshi:
- Ruwan zafi
- Ganyen darbejiya
- Cheɗiya
- Runhu.[66]
Bayan kwanaki kamar uku da haihuwa, uban jaririn yakan siyo nama "yawanci kan shanu kokuma kan rago" wanda ake yi wa mahaifiyar yaro farfesu da shi sannan a rabawa sauran ƴanuwa da maƙwafta. Sannan akan yi kunu yawanci kunun kanwa wanda mahaifiyar yaron zata rika sha domin samun isasshen nono da za ta baiwa yaro. A lokacin da jaririn ya kai watanni bakwai, ana fara bashi abinci mai ruwa-ruwa da nono har ya kai shekara 2 zuwa 2 ½.[66]
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗan da aka haifa namiji ko mace, ana raɗa masa suna ne bayan kwanaki bakwai da haihuwa a bisa al’ada. A wannan lokacin uban jaririn zai sayo rago da goro wanda za a rabawa baƙi da aka gayyata wajen taron raɗin sunan.[57] A ranar raɗin sunan akan gyara gida, a yi shara, a tsaftace gida sosai, a yi shimfiɗu a ƙofar gidan saboda baƙi masu zuwa taron sunan. Gabanin a soma walima, akan kira malami na unguwa ya yanka ragon da aka siyo domin raɗin sunan a yi kiran yisallah cikin kunnen yaron tare da sanar dashi sunansa bayan kiran sallar.[57]
Wasu daga cikin sunayen da ake baiwa yaro a ƙasar Hausa:
s/n | Maza | Mata |
---|---|---|
Isa | Aisha | |
Musa | Khadija | |
Yusuf | Amina |
Kaciya ko shayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akan yi kaciya ga yara maza a bisa al'ada lokacin da suka kai shekaru 8 zuwa 9 da haihuwa. Kuma akan bari sai lokacin hunturu saboda ƙananun ciwo da za su iya yin lahani ga kaciyar sunyi ƙaranci a wannan lokacin. Yawanci iyaye sukan bar alamarin kaciyar a matsayin sirri ga yaran saboda gudun kar yaran su samu firgici gabanin lokacin da za a yi musu kaciyar.[67]
Dangantaka.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangantaka a ƙasar Hausa ya ƙunshi ƴan'uwa daga dangin guda biyu watau uwa da uba. Ga wasu daga ciki.
- Kaka
Kalmar Kaka, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran mahaifin Uba ko kuma mahaifiyar Uba a wurin nuna Dangantaka.
- Uba
Kalmar Uba, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran mahaifi.
- Uwa
Kalmar Uwa , Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran mahaifiya.
- Baba
Kalmar Baba, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran Kanwar mahaifi ko Yayar mahaifi.
- Kawu
Kalmar Kawu, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran Ƙani ko Yayan mahaifi. (amma asalin kalmar Fulatanci ce)
- Goggo
Kalmar Goggo, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran Ƙanwar ko Yayar mahaifiya. (amma asalin kalmar Fulatanci ce)
- Inna
tana da ma'ana ɗaya da Goggo. (ita ma asalin kalmar Fulatanci ce)
- Ɗan'uwa
Kalmar Ɗan'uwa, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran Ƙani ko Yaya.
- Ƴar'uwa
Kalmar Ƴan'uwa, Bahaushe yana amfani da ita wurin kiran Ƙanwa ko Yaya.
- Ya [68]
- Ƙanwa
- Jika – Jikanya
- Tattaɓa kunne
- Ɗan'uba – ƴar'uba
- Agola
- Uwar Gida, Amarya, Ango
- Mowa (matar da miji yafi so)
- Bora (matar da miji bai so sosai)
- Suruki – suruka
- Ƴaya
- Iya[69]
Ilimi.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asali garin Katsina sune cibiyar addinini musulunci a ƙasar Hausa, amman zuwa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodio ya sa cibiyar karatun Addinin Musulunci ta tashi daga Katsina ta koma Daular Sokoto, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodio da mukarraban sa.[70] Hausawa suna kiran al’adunsu da al’adun gargajiya, wacce suke yi duk shekara, ko a talabijin ko Bidiyo, ko kuma aikace cikin al’amuran yau da kullum.[71] Na daga cikin rubutun Hausawa, suna yin rubutu ne asali da “ajami”, rubutu ne da haruffan larabci amman a luggar Hausa, kuma suna rubutawa ne a fallen takarda.[8]
-
Rubutun Ajami na Hausawa a Najeriya a farkon karni na 20th, daga Suratul Hud.
Muhammadiyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Boko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Arziki.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/A_hausa_man.jpg/220px-A_hausa_man.jpg)
Noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Noma na ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙin tattalin arziƙi a ƙasar Hausa, kusan duk inda mutum ya duba a wannan hanya da yabi babu daji, daga gona sai saura, kuma ana noma iri biyu ne, na abinci da na kasuwa. Ga kuma gero ga dawa ga masara ga wake ga gyaɗa ga auduga ga sauran abubuwan masarufi, kamar su gwaza da dankali. Bugu da ƙari, galibi bishiyoyin da aka bari ko aka dasa a cikin gonakin na amfani ne. Misalin tsamiya da kuka da ɗorawa da sauran ire-irensu. Tun daga katsina har kano. Bacin haka kuma mafi yawancin Hausawa suna kiwon dabbobi, kamar awaki da tumaki da shanu da kaji da agwagi. Kiwo a wurinsu kamar asusu ne. Mutum na riƙe da “ƴan dabbobi, duk sa'ar da wata buƙata ta samu a sayar dasu abiya buƙata.[72] Sana'ar noma ita ce babbar sana'ar Hausawa, sabo da ingancin noma; Hausawa ke wa sana'ar noma kirari da cewa, "na duƙe tsohon ciniki kowa ya zo duniya kai ya tarar", akwai kuma wasu sana'o'in kamar su sha'anin jima watau harkar fatu da rini da sa��a da kuma kira, fannonin dake mutuƙar samun cigaba a harkokin sana'o'in Hausawa. Hausawa dai sun jima da shahara wajen harkar fatauci kana kuma masu arziki na taka rawa a sha'anin yau da kullum, tare da masu mulki da masarauta.[73]
Rini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mulkin Sarauta.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kare-karen Harshen Hausa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hausa_language_map.png/220px-Hausa_language_map.png)
Harshen Hausa yana da kare-karen da yawa. Gabashin Hausa su ne :-
Gabashin Hausa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kanawa
- Katagumawa
- Haɗejawa
- Gumelawa
- Katsinawa
Yammacin Hausa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emir-480x405.jpg/220px-Emir-480x405.jpg)
- Daurawa
![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg/220px-Front_of_Sokoto_Sultan_Palce.jpg)
- Sakkwatawa
- Katsinawa
- Kurfayawa
- Gobirawa
- Adarawa
- Kebbawa
- Zamfarawa
Arewacin Hausa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Arewa
- Arawa
Hausa ajami wanda suka fita daga ƙasashen Hausa suka shiga ƙasashen Larabawa shekaru aru-aru harma sun isa ƙasashen Turai, kuma sunada Sarkin Hausawan Turai nafarko wato Sarki Sirajo Jan Kado:-
Al'ada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hausawa suna da al'adu daban-daban, kamar na Hawan Sallah da Hawan Daba da Bikin Kamun Kifi a Argungun da Kalankuwa har ma da wasanni irin su dambe dadai sauransu.
Tufafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]-
Shigar Hausawa (rawani da babbar riga) kalli daga baya.
-
Shigar Hausawa (rawani da babbar riga) kalli daga gaba. Wannan
-
Cikakkiyar shiga ta al'adar Hausawa.
-
Sanya kaya a al'adar Hausawa.
-
Shiga irin ta Hausawa, magidanta tun a dauri.
-
Bikin naɗin sarauta a Kaduna.
-
Bahaushe mahayin doki a yayin gudanar Bikin Hausawa.
-
Shigar mayaƙa a lokacin hawan daba.
-
Mayaƙi a lokacin Hawan Daba.
-
Kayan kwalliya na Doki
Abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasashe duniya sun cusawa Hausawa cin taliya ta hanyar finafinansu, dalilin faɗin haka kuwa shi ne, duk fim ɗinsu sai ka ga sun nuna irin abincin su wanda mu bama yin haka, kuma abincin mu da kuma abin shan mu sun hada da, Tuwon dawa da Tuwon masara da Tuwon shinkafa da Alkubus da Dambu da Ɗan wake da Fate da dai sauransu. Ko wace ƙasa da irin abincin da take amfani da shi, amma duk da haka manyan kasashen duniya sukan tallata abincinsu ta hanyar finafinansu a siyasance da kuma zahirance, ƙasar Sin wato (China) da kuma Italiya sun yi nasarar yin hakan. Sinasir da waina wato (masa) da fankaso alale da dai sauransu. Abin sha kuma sun haɗa da kunun tsamiya da koko da kosai da kunun kanwa da kunun shinkafa da kunun zaƙi da kuma Kunun Acca da dai sauran su.[74][75][76].
Galibin abincin Hausawa kuwa, ana yinsa da gero ko dawa ne. Sai kuma sauran abubuwan haɗawa, da kayan marmari, kamar irin su wake da shinkafa da alkama da makamantansu.[42]
-
Ɗanwake da mai da yaji.
-
Ɗanwake zalla.
-
Fanke da siga.
-
Kosai.
Addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin Hausawa musulmai ne, wanda yawan su ya kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na duka yawan Hausawan duniya, akwai kiristoci da kuma maguzawa, amman basu kai kashi 15 ba cikin 100 na yawan Hausawa ba.<gallery> File:Sultan bello mosque by Anasskoko 08.jpg|thumb|Daya cikin Masallatan Hausawa dake cikin garin Kaduna
![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sultan_bello_mosque_03.jpg/220px-Sultan_bello_mosque_03.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sultan_bello_mosque_by_Anasskoko_03.jpg/220px-Sultan_bello_mosque_by_Anasskoko_03.jpg)
![](http://178.128.105.246/host-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Quranic_Copying_culture_in_northern_Nigeria.jpg/220px-Quranic_Copying_culture_in_northern_Nigeria.jpg)
Sunayen gargajiya na Hausawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunayen Hausawa sun haɗa da Auta, Kyauta, Yalwa, Tinau, Altine, da dai sauransu.
Shahararrun Hausawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa
- Abubakar Imam
- Malam Aminu Kano
- Maitama Sule
- Sa'adu Zungur
- Malam Nasiru Kabara
- Nasiru Gawuna
- Mamman Shata
Duba nan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bibiliyo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society. Adamu, Abdalla Uba, 1956-, Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. ISBN 978-36906-0-4.OCLC 61158034
- Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. ISBN:978-978-087-937-2
- Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6. OCLC 489903061.
- Bivins, Mary Wren. Telling Stories, Making Histories: Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate (Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Heinemann, 2007) (Social History of Africa).
- Being and becoming Hausa: interdisciplinary perspectives. African social studies series. Anne Haour, Benedetta Rossi (eds.). Leiden ; Boston: Brill. 2010. ISBN 9789004185425.CS1 maint: others (link)
- Salamone, Frank A. (2010). The Hausa of Nigeria. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 9780761847243.
- Robinson, David, Muslim Societies in African History(Cambridge, 2004)
- Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 : the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. ISBN 978-125-085-2. OCLC 238787986.
- Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman dan Fodiyo, (1793-1864). Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. ISBN 978-2165-84-0. OCLC 316802318.
- Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3. OCLC 624196914.
- Tarihi, Hukumar Binciken. (1996). Danwaire : gwanki sha bara. Hukumar Binciken Tarihi da Kyautata Al'adu ta Jihar Katsina. Katsina: [Dab'in Lamp?]. ISBN 978-2105-93-7. OCLC 59226530.
- Kabir, Hajara Muhammad,. Northern women development. [Nigeria]. ISBN 978-978-906-469-4. OCLC 890820657.
- Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood.The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366.
- Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. ISBN 978-2470-25-2. OCLC 702639483.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- Miles, William F. S. (1994. Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3. OCLC 624196914.
- ·Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710
- ·Ahmed, Umaru Balarabe,. The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze being the complete collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German originals and the English versions. Volume 2. Zaria. ISBN 978-125-653-2. OCLC 992986877.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Adamu, Muhammadu Uba (2019). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1120749202
Wane ne Bahaushe?
1. BAHAUSHE Shine wanda mahaifin sa BAHAUSHE ne.
2. Shine wanda ya yarda shi BAHAUSHE ne yana jin farin ciki da daukakar kabilar Hausawa ya kuma yi bakin ciki da nakasunsu sannan kuma baya alaƙanta kansa da ko wacce kabila sai Hausa. Sabon tarihin : asalin hausawa] Check
|url=
value (help) (Bugu na biyu ed.). Kano: MJB Printers. OCLC 1120749202. line feed character in|url=
at position 41 (help) - ↑ "Ethnicity in Nigeria". PBS NewsHour (in Turanci). 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ↑ Godwin, David Leon (2022-04-14). "Top 10 largest tribes in Africa". NewsWireNGR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2008-01-23. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ↑ Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh.p.1
- ↑ Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh.p.2
- ↑ Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh.p.11
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh.p.12
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.42.
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.48
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.45
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.46
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.410-22
- ↑ Paden,1973.p.378-380)
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau p.4-5. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.7. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982).Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. P-1. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982).Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau.p.p 1-2. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Miles, William F.S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.p. 72-73 Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.67
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.73
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.74
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.43
- ↑ Barkon 1976(p862)
- ↑ Joshua Project. "Hausa in Cote d'Ivoire".
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Information on members of hausa tribe in Sudan(1991). "Refworld" (in Turanci).
- ↑ "PeopleGroups.org - Hausa". PeopleGroups.org.
- ↑ Joshua Project. "Hausa in Chad".
- ↑ Joshua Project. "Hausa in Ghana".
- ↑ "Hausa in Central african republic". Joshua project.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Hausa in Equatorial Guinea". Joshua project.
- ↑ "PeopleGroups.org - Hausa". PeopleGroups.org.
- ↑ "Hausa in Cong, Republic of the". Joshua project.
- ↑ "Hausa in Gabon". Joshua project.
- ↑ "Hausa in Algeria". Joshua project.
- ↑ "Hausa in Gambia". Joshua project.
- ↑ Robinson, David, Muslim Societies in African History (Cambridge, 2004), p141
- ↑ Robinson, David, Muslim Societies in African History(Cambridge, 2004), p141
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.140
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.6. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ Paden,1973.(p378-380)
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.46
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.257
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224410/http://www.esthergarvi.org/2010/03/28/horse-talk-breeding-in-niger/
- ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.7. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.146-147
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.15. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Trimingham 1980, (p72 and p258)
- ↑ Dimokiraɗiyya.(p276)
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.16. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.7. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger.p.291
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 8. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 57.5 Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 9. ISBN 978-2470-25-2. Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 10. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 9. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 11. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan,Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau.p. 15. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 11. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.8. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 9. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Alhassan, Habib. (1980-1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 11. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. p.5 ISBN 978-169-097-6.
- ↑ Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. p. 11 ISBN 978-169-097-6.
- ↑ Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. p. 26 ISBN 978-169-097-6.
- ↑ Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. p.27 ISBN 978-169-097-6.
- ↑ http://www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS6032.htm
- ↑ Furniss, Graham. (1996). Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa. International African Institute. Edinburgh.p.11
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982).Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p. 4 ISBN 978-2470-25-2.
- ↑ Alhassan, Habib. (1980–1982). Zaman hausawa. Zarruk̳, Rabi'u Muhammad. Lagos: Islamic Publications Bureau. p.4. ISBN 978-2470-25-2.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- ↑ Abdalla Uba, 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society. Adamu, Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. p. p-473-475- ISBN 978-36906-0-4.
- ↑ Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. p. 1-2
- ↑ https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html
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