The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity
- PMID: 27754341
- PMCID: PMC5086614
- DOI: 10.3390/v8100282
The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity
Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10-14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2-3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
Keywords: antibody maturation; inflammasome; rash; viral RNA persistence.
Conflict of interest statement
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
Figures
Similar articles
-
Vaccine-induced measles virus-specific T cells do not prevent infection or disease but facilitate subsequent clearance of viral RNA.mBio. 2014 Apr 15;5(2):e01047. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01047-14. mBio. 2014. PMID: 24736226 Free PMC article.
-
Evolution of T Cell Responses during Measles Virus Infection and RNA Clearance.Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 13;7(1):11474. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10965-z. Sci Rep. 2017. PMID: 28904342 Free PMC article.
-
Measles immunity and immunosuppression.Curr Opin Virol. 2021 Feb;46:9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.002. Epub 2020 Sep 4. Curr Opin Virol. 2021. PMID: 32891958 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Limited contribution of humoral immunity to the clearance of measles viremia in rhesus monkeys.J Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 1;190(5):998-1005. doi: 10.1086/422846. Epub 2004 Jul 26. J Infect Dis. 2004. PMID: 15295708
-
Measles virus, immune control, and persistence.FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 May;36(3):649-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00330.x. Epub 2012 Mar 13. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012. PMID: 22316382 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Second dose of measles-containing vaccine coverage and associated factors among children aged 24-36 months in Gondar city, Central Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023.Front Public Health. 2024 May 2;12:1364865. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1364865. eCollection 2024. Front Public Health. 2024. PMID: 38756896 Free PMC article.
-
PINK1 is a target of T cell responses in Parkinson's disease.bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Feb 12:2024.02.09.579465. doi: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579465. bioRxiv. 2024. PMID: 38405939 Free PMC article. Preprint.
-
Impact of NLRP3 gene polymorphisms (rs10754558 and rs10733113) on HPV infection and cervical cancer in southern Chinese population.Infect Agent Cancer. 2023 Oct 26;18(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s13027-023-00529-4. Infect Agent Cancer. 2023. PMID: 37885032 Free PMC article.
-
Severity of Dengue Viral Infection Based on Clinical and Hematological Parameters among Pakistani Patients.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023 Oct 23;109(6):1284-1289. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0309. Print 2023 Dec 6. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023. PMID: 37871589
-
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with measles during an outbreak in Somalia.IJID Reg. 2023 May 23;8:31-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.05.003. eCollection 2023 Sep. IJID Reg. 2023. PMID: 37415953 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Centers for Disease CaP Increased transmission and outbreaks of measles—European region, 2011. MMWR. 2012;60:1605–1610. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical
Research Materials