User:Nhiêu Lộc/Human skeleton

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Bones

Front view of an adult human skeleton

Rear view of an adult human skeleton

One way to classify bones is by their shape or appearance.

Head

The skull
- The cranial bones (8)
  - The occipital bone
  - The parietal bones (2)
  - The frontal bone
  - The temporal bones (2)
  - The sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
  - The ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
- The facial bones (15)
  - The nasal bones (2)
  - The maxillae (upper jaw) (2)
  - The lacrimal bone (2)
  - The zygomatic bone (2)
  - The palatine bone (2)
  - The inferior nasal concha (2)
  - The vomer
  - The mandible (lower jaw)
  - The hyoid bone (sometimes not counted as facial)
In the middle ears (3 x 2)
- malleus (2)
- incus (2)
- stapes (2)

Vertebral column

The spinal vertebrae of the vertebral column (26 bones)
- The cervical vertebrae (7)
- The thoracic vertebrae (12)
- The lumbar vertebrae (5)
- The sacral vertebrae (5 at birth, later fused into one)
- The coccygeal vertebrae (4 at birth, later fused into one)
- The total = 33

Chest

The sternum (1)
The ribs (24, in 12 pairs), including:
- (7) pairs called "true ribs" directly attached to the sternum (1st-7th pairs)
- (3) pairs (8th,9th and 10th pairs), also known as False ribs are attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by cartilages and synovial joints
- (2) pairs of floating ribs (11th and 12th pairs), have no anterior attachment.

Arm

The bones of the upper arm
- The clavicle
- The scapula
- The humerus
- The ulna
- The radius
The hand (54 bones, 27 in each hand)
- The carpus
  - scaphoid bone (2)
  - lunate bone (2)
  - triquetrum bone (2)
  - pisiform bone (2)
  - trapezium (2)
  - trapezoid bone (2)
  - capitate bone (2)
  - hamate bone (2)
- The metacarpus (5 × 2)
- The phalanges of the hand
  - proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
  - intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
  - distal phalanges (5 × 2)

Leg

The hip bone, comprising the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis (2)
- The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis
The femur
The patella or knee cap
The tibia
The fibula
The foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
- The tarsus
  - calcaneus or heel bone (2)
  - talus (2)
  - navicular bone (2)
  - medial cuneiform bone (2)
  - intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
  - lateral cuneiform bone (2)
  - cuboid bone (2)
- The metatarsus
- The phalanges of the foot
  - proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
  - intermediate phalanges (4 x 2)
  - distal phalanges (5 x 2)
  - The sesamoid bones

Bones of the human skeleton

Bones in the human skeleton

Neurocranium	occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid
Face	nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid
Ear	ossicles malleus incus stapes

Vertebral column

vertebrae
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

Shoulder	clavicle scapula
Arm	humerus ulna radius
Hand	carpals (scaphoid, lunate bone, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) metacarpals phalanges (prox, int, dist)
Pelvis	ilium ischium pubis
Leg	femur patella fibula tibia sesamoid bones
Foot	tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal accessory accessory navicular

The facial skeleton of the skull

Surfaces	Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) Infraorbital foramen Orbital bones Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal: Greater palatine canal
Processes	Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
Other	Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus

Fossae	Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa
Plates	Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen) Hard palate
Processes	Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal

Body	external surface (Chin, Jaw, Mandibular prominence, Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) Alveolar part
Ramus	Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea

Nose

Other

Neurocranium of the skull

Squamous part	external Inion/External occipital protuberance Occipital bun External occipital crest Nuchal lines Suprainiac fossa planes Occipital Nuchal internal Cruciform eminence Internal occipital protuberance Internal occipital crest Groove for transverse sinus
Lateral parts	Condyle Condyloid fossa Condylar canal Hypoglossal canal jugular Jugular process Jugular tubercle
Basilar part	Pharyngeal tubercle Clivus
Other	Foramen magnum Basion Opisthion

Squamous part	Frontal suture Frontal eminence external Superciliary arches Glabella foramina Supraorbital foramen Brow ridge Foramen cecum Zygomatic process internal Sagittal sulcus Frontal crest
Orbital part	Ethmoidal notch Fossa for lacrimal gland Trochlear fovea Frontal sinus Frontonasal duct

Squamous part	Articular tubercle Suprameatal triangle Mandibular fossa Petrotympanic fissure Zygomatic process
Mastoid part	Mastoid foramen Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) Mastoid notch Occipital groove Sigmoid sulcus Mastoid antrum (Aditus)
Petrous part	Carotid canal Facial canal Hiatus Internal auditory meatus Cochlear aqueduct Stylomastoid foramen fossae Subarcuate fossa Jugular fossa canaliculi Inferior tympanic Mastoid Styloid process Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
Tympanic part	Suprameatal spine

Surfaces	Superior surface: Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Posterior clinoid processes Ethmoidal spine Chiasmatic groove Middle clinoid process Petrosal process Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses
Great wings	foramina Rotundum Ovale Vesalii Spinosum Spine Infratemporal crest Sulcus of auditory tube
Small wings	Superior orbital fissure Anterior clinoid process Optic canal
Pterygoid processes	fossae Pterygoid Scaphoid pterygoid plates Lateral Medial Pterygoid canal Hamulus
Other	Body Sphenoidal conchae

Plates	Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory foramina Perpendicular plate
Surfaces	Lateral surface Orbital lamina Uncinate process Medial surface Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Superior meatus Middle nasal concha Middle meatus
Labyrinth	Ethmoid sinus ethmoidal foramina Posterior Anterior

v t e Compound structures of skull
Neurocranium	Calvaria Diploë Asterion Pterion Stephanion Inion Bregma Lambda Fossae anterior middle posterior cranial cavity Base of skull Fontanelle anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid
Facial skeleton	Nasion Gonion
Both	dacryon zygomatic arch temporal fossa infratemporal fossa pterygomaxillary fissure pterygopalatine fossa

Bones of the arm

Shoulder girdle, clavicle

fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous)
notches (suprascapular, great scapular)
glenoid fossa
tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid)
spine of scapula
acromion
coracoid process
angles (superior, inferior, lateral)

upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical)
tubercles (greater, lesser)
bicipital groove
body: radial sulcus
deltoid tuberosity
lower extremity: capitulum
trochlea
epicondyles (lateral, medial)
supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial)
fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)

Radius	near elbow (head, tuberosity) near wrist (ulnar notch, styloid process, Lister's tubercle)
Ulna	near elbow (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) near wrist (styloid process)

Carpal bones	scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus
Metacarpal bones	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Phalanges	proximal intermediate distal

Bones of the torso

General structure	Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal
Cervical vertebrae	Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens
Thoracic vertebrae	Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra
Lumbar vertebrae	Processes accessory mammillary
Sacrum	Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus
Coccyx	none

Rib cage	Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head
Sternum	Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process
Thoracic cage	Superior thoracic aperture Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle

Bones of the human leg

upper extremity	head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle
shaft	linea aspera upper medial: merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate: pectineal line upper lateral: gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter
lower extremity	adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa

upper extremity	Gerdy's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area
shaft	tuberosity soleal line
lower extremity	medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch

lateral malleolus

Other

patella
- apex

Tarsus	calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral
Metatarsals	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Other	Phalanges

Bones of the pelvis

General

arcuate line

gluteal lines	posterior anterior inferior
iliac spines	anterior superior anterior inferior posterior superior posterior inferior
other:	crest tuberosity tubercle fossa

body	ischial spine lesser sciatic notch
superior ramus	tuberosity of the ischium
inferior ramus	no substructures

body
- pubic crest
superior ramus
- pubic tubercle
- obturator crest
inferior ramus
- pectineal line

Compound

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