ju
English
editNoun
editju (plural not attested)
Derived terms
editSee also
editAlbanian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Albanian *ju(s) identical with Lithuanian jūs id., Gothic jūs id., English you. Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)
- you (plural or polite)
Declension
editSee also
editReferences
edit^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 195-196
Bilua
editNoun
editju
References
edit- A Grammar of Bilua: A Papuan Language of the Solomon Islands (2003)
Borôro
editPronunciation
editNoun
editju
Central Mazahua
editPronunciation
editLetter
editju (upper case Ju)
- A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.
See also
edit- (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ
Dalmatian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editInherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.
Pronoun
editju
- (first person singular pronoun) I
- Ju sai rau. ― I am sorry.
Related terms
editSee also
editDrehu
editPronunciation
editNoun
editju
References
edit- Tyron, D.T., Hackman, B. (1983) Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification. Cited in: "Dehu" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
- Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDe’u" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
Dutch
editEtymology
editOf onomatopoeic origin
Pronunciation
editInterjection
editju
- Said to a horse to make it start moving.
Esperanto
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Particle
editju
- the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, “La Lingvo de la floroj”, in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138:
- Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.
- The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Coordinate terms
editEstonian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *jo (“already”), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju (“already; yet; now”). Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.
Adverb
editju (not comparable)
- Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
- Ma ju armastan sind.
- I love you, isn't it obvious?
- apparently, probably
- Ju ta tahab homme minna.
- He probably wants to go tomorrow.
Gothic
editRomanization
editju
- Romanization of 𐌾𐌿
Guaraní
editVerb
editju (active, intransitive, irregular)
- to come (to move towards the speaker)
Conjugation
editJapanese
editRomanization
editju
Kashubian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)uže.
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editju (not comparable)
Further reading
edit- Stefan Ramułt (1993) [1893] “ju”, in Jerzy Trepczyk, editor, Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), 3 edition
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “już”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[1]
- “ju”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Ladin
editAdverb
editju
Lower Sorbian
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editju
- accusative of wóna
Related terms
edit- nju (after preposition)
Mandarin
editRomanization
editju
- Nonstandard spelling of jū.
- Nonstandard spelling of jú.
- Nonstandard spelling of jǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of jù.
Usage notes
edit- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Middle Dutch
editPronoun
editju
- (Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi
Further reading
edit- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “ju”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle Low German
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.
Pronoun
editjû
- accusative/dative of gî: you
Declension
editnominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
2nd person singular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
3rd person singular | |||||
m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
n | it (et) | ||||
f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
2nd person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here. |
Alternative forms
editDescendants
editEtymology 2
editDeterminer
editjû
- your (plural)
Declension
editnominative | accusative | dative | genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strong declension | ||||
Masculine | jû | jûwen | jûwem(e) (jûwennote) | jûwes |
Neuter | jû | |||
Feminine | jûwe | jûwer(e) | ||
Plural | jûwe | jûwen | jûwer(e) | |
Weak declension | ||||
Masculine | jûwe | jûwen | jûwen | |
Neuter | jûwe | |||
Feminine | jûwen | |||
Plural | jûwen | |||
The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period. |
Old French
editNoun
editju oblique singular, m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)
- Alternative form of geu
Old Frisian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.
Pronoun
editjū
- accusative/dative of jī
Inflection
editDescendants
editSaterland Frisian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.
Pronoun
editju (oblique hier)
See also
editEtymology 2
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Alternative forms
editArticle
editju (unstressed de)
References
editSerbo-Croatian
editEtymology 1
editClitic of nju
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
- her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))
Declension
editSingular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
Etymology 2
editForm of iju
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editInterjection
editju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
- Used to express surprise.
Shuar
editDeterminer
editju
References
edit- Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano
Slovak
editAlternative forms
edit- ňu (after prepositions)
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editju
- accusative of ona
Swedish
editEtymology
editFrom Old Swedish iū, io. Compare Danish jo, Norwegian Nynorsk jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).
Pronunciation
editAdverb
editju
- Indicates an expectation of shared understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
- Bussen går ju klockan tre.
- The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)
- Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.
- It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.
- Varför gjorde du det inte? Du lovade ju!
- Why didn't you do it? You promised (as you know)!
- – Filmen var bra. – Det var den ju inte alls!
- – The movie was good. – No it wasn't (and this should be our common understanding, as a fact – the ju adds a bit of an argumentative tone, similar to the "No")!
- Vad fan, ytterdörren står öppen
- What the hell, the front door is open (think two people coming home)
- Vad fan, ytterdörren står ju öppen
- What the hell, the front door is open (and this is (or will very soon be) our common understanding, as a fact, as you can also see that it is open – the ju just acts as an emphasizer here)
ju...desto
- the...the (when comparing)
- Ju större, desto bättre.
- The larger, the better.
Usage notes
editColloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre." "Desto större, desto bättre" also occurs.
References
editWauja
editPronunciation
editInterjection
editju
- my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
- Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
- "Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.
- Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
- "Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."
- Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
- It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].
- Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
- "Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]
- Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
Usage notes
edit- "My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.
See also
edit- tya (“my man, guys, fellas”)
References
edit- "Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.
Yale
editPronoun
editju
- you (second-person singular personal pronoun)
Yoruba
editEtymology 1
editPronunciation
editVerb
editjù
- (transitive) to throw
Usage notes
edit- ju before a direct object
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editPronunciation
editVerb
editjù
- (transitive) to exceed, to surpass
Usage notes
edit- ju before a direct object
Derived terms
editRelated terms
edit- rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)
Etymology 3
editPronunciation
editVerb
editjù
- (intransitive) to be worm-infested
Derived terms
edit- ìju (“false pregnancy”)
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with unattested plurals
- Hong Kong English
- English slang
- Albanian terms derived from Proto-Albanian
- Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Albanian 1-syllable words
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- Central Mazahua letters
- Dalmatian terms inherited from Late Latin
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- Dalmatian terms with usage examples
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- dhv:Anatomy
- Dutch onomatopoeias
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- Rhymes:Kashubian/u
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- Hollandic Middle Dutch
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- Middle Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Middle Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
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- Middle Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Low German lemmas
- Middle Low German pronouns
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- Old French lemmas
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