火枪
外观
![](http://178.128.105.246/cars-http-upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg/220px-%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg)
火枪是一种中国古代的火器,最早出现于公元10-12世纪。火枪是所有现代火药类武器的鼻祖[1],曾在宋金战争期间发挥了巨大作用。它最初是一种附在长柄武器(即“枪”)上的小型烟火式装置,用于在近战开始时获得冲击优势[2]。随着火药的改进,爆炸物的排放量增加,碎片或弹丸等也被添加,使其具有现代火焰喷射器以及霰弹枪组合的一些效果,但射程非常短(约3米或10英尺),而且只有一发子弹(一些设计可击发两次)。至13世纪末期,火枪的枪管已转变为金属材料,以更好地承受爆炸冲击波,并且枪头的尖刺设计被放弃,转而成为仅依靠火药击发完成攻击的纯火器。这些武器日后演变为了最早的手铳[3]。
名称[编辑]
根据使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差异方面,火枪在当时有着包括“突火槍”、“梨花槍”、“火門槍”、“槍砲”等不同的名称。此外,因为現代汉语里的小型火器亦以“枪”一词通称,“火枪”一词在現代汉语里既可以表示步枪时代以前的早期火器(特别是鸟铳等),也可以用于指代后来所有的近现代枪支,在这种场合下一般将前者替称为“火矛槍”以作区分。
设计[编辑]
最早出现的火枪由一根通常是竹子的管子组成,里面装有火药和一根慢火柴,绑在长矛或其他���柄武器上。 一旦点燃,火药管就会向矛头方向喷射出一股火焰。 后来将铁丸或陶器碎片等射弹添加到火药中。 发射时,火药装药将弹丸与火焰一起喷射出来[4]。
金属火枪管出现在13世纪中叶左右,并且不再捆绑于枪上,开始独立于长枪本身而使用。独立出来的金属炮管被称为“eruptor”,成为手铳的前身[4]。
在欧洲,以木管制造的火枪版本曾被使用[5]。
图集[编辑]
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“冲阵火葫芦”,在火药爆炸中释放铅丸的多类火枪之一,来自《火龙经》的插图。
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记载于《火龙经》上的“神行破阵猛火刀牌”,约1360-1375,装载有火枪的移动盾牌,用于破坏敌人的阵型
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挥舞着火枪的骑士,约1396
参见[编辑]
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ Andrade 2016,第35頁.
- ^ Andrade 2016,第38頁.
- ^ Andrade 2016,第33頁.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016,第51頁.
- ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36.
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外部链接[编辑]
- Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
- Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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