经济自由
外观
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经济自由用于经济研究和政策讨论。与自由相同,有著不同的定义,当中没有普遍接受的。[1][2]一个接近经济自由的定义来自自由意志主义传统强调的自由市场和私有制,同时延伸到个人选择的福利经济学研究,带更大的经济自由来自“大”(在一些法律定义中)的对可能的选择之设定。另一个更冷静的观点强调分配公正和每个人的基本自由的背景。[3]
今天,这个词通常与古典自由主义(或自由市场)联系在一起,并且定义为自由生产、贸易和消费任何商品与服务,而不抢劫、诈骗或偷窃。这体现在法治、财产权和合约自由、以由外部和内部之开放性市场为特征、保护财产权利和经济干预之自由。[4][5][6]
经济自由指数试图衡量(自由市场)经济自由和基于这些值之发现进行经验主义研究来提高人民生活水平、经济增长、收入均等、减少腐败和减少政治暴力。[7][8][9][10][11]有时会用经济指数对各个国家排名,香港和新加坡经常领先。1985年到2005年间,只有少数国家没有增加他们的经济自由度指数评分。[12]一些实证分析表明,该指数没有与其经济增长密切相关[13],但崩溃组成部分的回归分析表明,当其他方面影响它时,一些具体的自由有助于经济增长。[14]
其他经济自由概念包括免于贫困之自由(美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福1941年在美国国会大厦发表演说时提出的“言论自由、信仰自由、免于贫困及免于恐惧之自由”)[1][15]和进行集体谈判之自由。[16]
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bronfenbrenner, Martin, Two Concepts of Economic Freedom, Ethics, 1955, 65 (3): pp.157--170 [2021-07-25], (原始内容存档于2021-12-23)
- ^ Sen, Amartya, Rationality and Freedom: 9
- ^ Freeman S. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Rawls p. 4 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Economic Freedom and its Measurement. The Encyclopedia of Public Choice 2. Springer: 161–171. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7923-8607-0.
- ^ Surjit S. Bhalla. Freedom and economic growth: a virtuous cycle?. Published in Democracy's Victory and Crisis. (1997). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521575834 p. 205
- ^ David A. Harper. Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. (1999). Routledge. ISBN 0415153425 p.57, 64
- ^ Pei, Minxin, Political Institutions, Democracy, and Development, Democracy, Market Economics, and Development, World Bank Publications, 2001, ISBN 9780821348628
- ^ Easton, Stephen T.; Walker, Michael A., Income, growth, and economic freedom, American Economic Review (American Economic Association), May 1997, 87 (2): 328–332
- ^ Ayal, Eliezer B.; Karras, Georgios, Components of economic freedom and growth: an empirical study, Journal of Developing Areas (Western Illinois University), Spring 1998, 32 (3): 327–338
- ^ Scully, Gerald, Economic Freedom, Government Policy, and the Trade-Off Between Equity and Economic Growth, Public Choice (Kluwer Academic Publishers), 2002, 113 (1-2): 77–96
- ^ Berggren, Niclas, Economic Freedom and Equality: Friends or Foes?, Public Choice (Kluwer Academic Publishers), 1999, 100 (3-4): 203–223
- ^ Economic Freedom of the World 2005, Fraser Institute
- ^ De Haan, J. and C. L. J. Siermann (1998). Further Evidence on the Relationship Between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth, Public Choice. 95: 363-380.
- ^ Heckelman, Jac C., Stroup, Michael D. (2000). Which Economic Freedoms Contribute to Growth? Kyklos 53(4):527-44
- ^ Franklin Roosevelt's Annual Address to Congress - The "Four Freedoms". January 6, 1941 [November 10, 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-29).
- ^ Jacoby, Daniel. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America (eBook). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. 1998: 8-9,148,166-167. ISBN 9780585190303.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty
- Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom
- Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom
- Ludwig von Mises, Economic Freedom and Interventionism (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom
参见
[编辑]外部链接
[编辑]- Economic Freedom (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Robert A. Lawson of the Fraser Institute at the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
- John Miller, "Free, Free at Last (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" in Dollars & Sense magazine
- The Protection Of Economic Rights & Freedoms
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