Fusor
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Fusor是一種實驗裝置,它以電場來加熱離子,直到產生適合核聚變的情況。這是一種慣性靜電約束裝置,主體內部呈真空狀態,當中有兩個帶着電極的金屬籠子,產生電壓。帶着正電的離子進入這個裝置,會被電場牽引而加速、發熱,並集中在中心位置。當達到適合的溫度,離子在裝置中心的濃度也增加,若發生相互碰撞,且燃料適當(氘)即會發生核聚變。
這種實驗裝置,最常見的類型,是Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor。[2]這個裝置由美國發明家費羅·法恩斯沃斯(1964年)和羅泊特·赫舍在1967年發明。[3][4]洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室的William Elmore,James L. Tuck與Ken Watson,曾經提出另一個構想,[5]但是沒有實際作出來。
目前這種裝置的輸出功率遠小於輸入功率,還不能作為能源,但是可以用作實際的中子源。
機制
[編輯]Fusor這個裝置包含兩個用金屬線作成的籠子,外層的金屬籠子為陽極,而內層的籠子為陰極,這兩個籠子被包覆起來,裝置內形成真空。當帶着正電的離子進入裝置,會被內層外層電極形成的電場牽引,向內部加速。隨着離子的速度增加,溫度也會隨之增加。電場牽引著離子,使它的速度上升,溫度也上升,一直加熱到可能發生核聚變的狀態。在裝置中心位置,離子濃度會增高,若發生碰撞,可能有幾個離子發生核聚變。
每增加1伏特的電壓,可以使離子溫度增加11,604開爾文。典型的磁約束聚變裝置產生的等離子體,約為15 keV或是170 megakelvin。只要有15,000伏特的電壓,就可以使帶着正電的離子加熱到這個程度。但因為這個裝置的電阻會使能量產生很高的耗損,因此類似的裝置,輸入功率都會大於輸出功率,通常無法實際產出能量。
歷史
[編輯]這種核融合裝置的設計概念,最早由費羅·法恩斯沃斯提出,使用慣性靜電約束(IEC)的原理。費羅·法恩斯沃斯在自己的實驗室中進行設計,並取得專利。慣性靜電約束這個名稱也是由他選定。
1949年,ITT公司併購了法恩斯沃斯實驗室,核融合計劃被認為無利可圖,因此遭到擱置。
1962年,費羅·法恩斯沃斯提出一項專利,以線柵間的電壓差,來牽引離子,使離子加速到發生核融合。
1964年至1967年間,羅泊特·赫舍提出一個修改過後的設計,並開始實際建造。
實作
[編輯]- 專業
- 業餘
- 泰勒·威爾遜,在14歲時製造出Fusor,誘發核融合反應,製造出可被偵測到的中子流。在2008年至2014年間,號稱全世界最年輕製造出核融合的人。[9]
- Jackson Oswalt,據福克斯新聞報道,他於12歲時成功製造出一台可工作的Fusor裝置,結果得到開源Fusor研究聯盟(Fusor.net論壇)的認可。[10]
- 蕭大為,台灣新北市理化補教老師,美國紐澤西Ratgers大學化工碩士,在2009年,以9天時間,製造出一台Fusor[11]
相關條目
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ blogspot.com - Will's Amateur Science and Engineering: Fusion Reactor's First Light! (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Feb 2010 (from blog)
- ^ Biography of Philo Taylor Farnsworth. University of Utah Marriott Library Special Collections. [2007-07-05]. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-21).
- ^ Robert L. Hirsch, "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases", Journal of Applied Physics, v. 38, no. 7, October 1967
- ^ P. T. Farnsworth (private communication, 1964)
- ^ "On the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement of a Plasma" William Elmore, James Tuck and Ken Watson, The Physics of Fluids, January 30, 1959
- ^ "Overview of IEC Research at Tokyo Tech." (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Eiki Hotta, 15th annual US-Japan IEC workshop, October 7, 2013
- ^ R.P. Ashley, G.L. Kulcinski, J.F. Santarius, S.K. Murali, G. Piefer, 18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering, IEEE #99CH37050, (1999)
- ^ "Preliminary Results of Experimental Studies from Low Pressure Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device", A. S. B, Y. A, A. A, Journal of Fusion Energy, May 2013
- ^ Yup, I built a nuclear fusion reactor. TED2012. [2014-06-24]. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-20).
- ^ Boy, 12, achieves nuclear fusion with a reactor he built in his playroom - Mirror Online. [2019-06-04]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-04).
- ^ 打造鋼鐵人不是夢? 理化老師自製桌上型核反應爐. NOWnews. 2009-03-02 [2014-06-25]. (原始內容存檔於2014-02-19).
延伸導讀
[編輯]- Reducing the Barriers to Fusion Electric Power; G. L. Kulcinski and J. F. Santarius, October 1997 Presented at "Pathways to Fusion Power", submitted to Journal of Fusion Energy, vol. 17, No. 1, 1998. (Abstract in PDF)
- Robert L. Hirsch, "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases", Journal of Applied Physics, v. 38, no. 7, October 1967
- Irving Langmuir, Katharine B. Blodgett, "Currents limited by space charge between concentric spheres" Physical Review, vol. 24, No. 1, pp49–59, 1924
- R. A. Anderl, J. K. Hartwell, J. H. Nadler, J. M. DeMora, R. A. Stubbers, and G. H. Miley, Development of an IEC Neutron Source for NDE, 16th Symposium on Fusion Engineering, eds. G. H. Miley and C. M. Elliott, IEEE Conf. Proc. 95CH35852, IEEE Piscataway, New Jersey, 1482–1485 (1996).
- "On the Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of a Plasma" William C. Elmore, James L. Tuck, Kenneth M. Watson, The Physics of Fluids v. 2, no 3, May–June, 1959
- D-3He Fusion in an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement DevicePDF (142 KB); R. P. Ashley, G. L. Kulcinski, J.F. Santarius, S. Krupakar Murali, G. Piefer; IEEE Publication 99CH37050, pg. 35-37, 18th Symposium on Fusion Engineering, Albuquerque NM, 25–29 October 1999.
- G. L. Kulcinski, Progress in Steady State Fusion of Advanced Fuels in the University of Wisconsin IEC Device, March 2001
- Fusion Reactivity Characterization of a Spherically Convergent Ion Focus, T.A. Thorson, R.D. Durst, R.J. Fonck, A.C. Sontag, Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 38, No. 4. p. 495, April 1998. (abstract)
- Convergence, Electrostatic Potential, and Density Measurements in a Spherically Convergent Ion Focus, T. A. Thorson, R. D. Durst, R. J. Fonck, and L. P. Wainwright, Phys. Plasma, 4:1, January 1997.
- R. W. Bussard and L. W. Jameson, "Inertial-Electrostatic Propulsion Spectrum: Airbreathing to Interstellar Flight", Journal of Propulsion and Power, v 11, no 2. The authors describe the proton — Boron 11 reaction and its application to ionic electrostatic confinement.
- R. W. Bussard and L. W. Jameson, "Fusion as Electric Propulsion", Journal of Propulsion and Power, v 6, no 5, September–October, 1990 (This is the same Bussard who conceived the Bussard Ramjet widely used in science-fiction for interstellar rocketry)
- Todd H. Rider, "A general critique of inertial-electrostatic confinement fusion systems"(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), M.S. thesis at MIT, 1994.
- Todd H. Rider, "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium"(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Ph. D. thesis at MIT, 1995.
- Todd H. Rider, "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium" Physics of Plasmas, April 1997, Volume 4, Issue 4, pp. 1039–1046.
- Could Advanced Fusion Fuels Be Used with Today's Technology?; J.F. Santarius, G.L. Kulcinski, L.A. El-Guebaly, H.Y. Khater, January 1998 [presented at Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting, 27–29 August 1997, Aspen CO; Journal of Fusion Energy, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1998, p. 33].
- R. W. Bussard and L. W. Jameson, "From SSTO to Saturn's Moons, Superperformance Fusion Propulsion for Practical Spaceflight", 30th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 27–29 June 1994, AIAA-94-3269
- Robert W. Bussard presentation video(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) to Google Employees — Google TechTalks, 9 November 2006.
- "The Advent of Clean Nuclear Fusion: Super-performance Space Power and Propulsion", Robert W. Bussard, Ph.D., 57th International Astronautical Congress, 2–6 October 2006.
- 崔傳新 成都七中萬達學校. 一种实现fusor核聚变的简易方法及其装置. 科技經濟導刊. 2017, (34) [2019-06-04] (中文(中國大陸)).[失效連結]
外部連結
[編輯]- Fusor網(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)(英文)
- Nuclear Fusor自製指南(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)(英文)
- 威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校 IEC homepage(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)(英文)
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