Cyniferydd deallusrwydd
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Rhif a ddefnyddir i ddynodi deallusrwydd yr unigolyn o'i gymharu â phobl eraill, yn seiliedig ar sgôr o ganlyniad i brofion safonedig,[1] yw cyniferydd deallusrwydd[2] (CD[2] neu IQ o'r Almaeneg Intelligenzquotient[3] neu'r Saesneg intelligence quotient).[4]
Bathwyd IQ gan y seicolegydd Almaenig William Stern mewn llyfr o 1912 i ddisgrifio'r dull o sgorio profion deallusrwydd a ddatblygwyd ym Mhrifysgol Breslau.[3] Yn hanesyddol, cafodd IQ ei gyfrifo drwy rannu oed meddyliol yr unigolyn, yn seiliedig ar ganlyniadau'r prawf deallusrwydd, ag oed cronolegol yr unigolyn, mewn blynyddoedd a misoedd, a lluosi'r gymhareb neu gyniferydd hwnnw â 100 i ganfod y sgôr IQ.[5] Er enghraifft, os yw plentyn 10 oed yn perfformio cystal â'r plentyn 12 oed cyfartalog ar y prawf, dosrennir y plentyn i IQ 12 / 10 × 100 = 120. Felly, IQ cyfartalog y boblogaeth yw 100, pan bo'r oed meddyliol yn hafal i'r oed cronolegol. Ni defnyddir y dull hwn bellach i gyfrifo IQ, ac eithrio ambell brawf i blant.[4] Mewn profion IQ modern, câi'r sgôr o'r prawf ei thrawsnewid yn ystadegol yn ddosraniad normal a chanddo gymedr 100 a gwyriad safonol 15.[6] O ganlyniad i'r dull hwn, dosrennir rhyw ddwy ran o dair o'r boblogaeth rhwng IQ 85 a 115, a rhyw 2.5 % yn uwch na 130 a 2.5 % yn is na 70.[7][8]
Amcangyfrif o ddeallusrwydd yw sgôr IQ; mae natur ddamcaniaethol y cysyniad "deallusrwydd" yn golygu nad oes modd canfod mesur diriaethol ohono, megis màs neu bellter.[9] Mae sgôr IQ yn gysylltiedig â ffactorau gan gynnwys maethiad,[10][11] statws economaidd-gymdeithasol y rhieni,[12][13] morbidrwydd a marwolaeth,[14][15] statws cymdeithasol y rhieni,[16] ac amgylchedd amenedigol.[17] Mae seicolegwyr a gwyddonwyr eraill wedi ymchwilio i natur etifeddol IQ am gan mlynedd, ond mae dadl o hyd ynglŷn ag amcangyfrifon o bwysigrwydd y ffactor hwn[18][19] a dulliau biolegol yr etifeddu.[20]
Defnyddir sgôr IQ wrth dderbyn disgyblion a myfyrwyr, asesu anabledd dysgu, ac ystyried ymgeiswyr am swyddi, ac mewn cyd-destun ymchwil i ragfynegi perfformiad mewn swyddi[21] ac incwm.[22] Defnyddir hefyd i astudio dosraniadau o ddeallusrwydd seicometrig mewn poblogaethau, a'r cydberthyniad rhwng IQ a newidion eraill. Mae sgorau ar brofion IQ, cyn cyfrifo'r IQ ei hun, wedi cynyddu mewn nifer o boblogaethau ar gyfradd sydd yn gymesur â thri phwynt IQ pob deng mlynedd ers dechrau'r 20g, a gelwir hyn yn effaith Flynn.
Cyfeiriadau
[golygu | golygu cod]- ↑ Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403. ISSN 0191-9601. PMID 17079505. https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/27/11/403. Adalwyd 22 January 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Geiriadur yr Academi, "intelligence: intelligence quotient".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stern, William (1914). The Psychological Methods of Testing Intelligence. Educational psychology monographs. 13. Translated by Guy Montrose Whipple. Baltimore, MD: Warwick & York.ISBN 9781981604999. LCCN 14010447. OCLC 4521857. Retrieved 2014-06-15, tt. 70–84 (1914 English translation); tt. 48–58 (1912 original German edition)}}
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 (Saesneg) IQ. Encyclopædia Britannica. Adalwyd ar 10 Mehefin 2021.
- ↑ "intelligence quotient (IQ)". Glossary of Important Assessment and Measurement Terms. Philadelphia, PA: National Council on Measurement in Education. 2016. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2017-07-22. Cyrchwyd 2017-07-01.
- ↑ Gottfredson 2009, tt. 31–32
- ↑ Neisser, Ulrich (1997). "Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests". American Scientist 85 (5): 440–447. Bibcode 1997AmSci..85..440N. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/rising-scores-on-intelligence-tests/. Adalwyd 1 December 2017.
- ↑ Hunt 2011, t. 5 "As mental testing expanded to the evaluation of adolescents and adults, however, there was a need for a measure of intelligence that did not depend upon mental age. Accordingly the intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed. ... The narrow definition of IQ is a score on an intelligence test ... where 'average' intelligence, that is the median level of performance on an intelligence test, receives a score of 100, and other scores are assigned so that the scores are distributed normally about 100, with a standard deviation of 15. Some of the implications are that: 1. Approximately two-thirds of all scores lie between 85 and 115. 2. Five percent (1/20) of all scores are above 125, and one percent (1/100) are above 135. Similarly, five percent are below 75 and one percent below 65."
- ↑ Haier, Richard (2016-12-28). The Neuroscience of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. tt. 18–19. ISBN 9781107461437.
- ↑ Saloojee, Haroon; Pettifor, John M (2001-12-15). "Iron deficiency and impaired child development". BMJ : British Medical Journal 323 (7326): 1377–1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1121846. PMID 11744547. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1121846.
- ↑ Qian, Ming; Wang, Dong; Watkins, William E.; Gebski, Val; Yan, Yu Qin; Li, Mu; Chen, Zu Pei (2005). "The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14 (1): 32–42. ISSN 0964-7058. PMID 15734706. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734706/.
- ↑ Poh, Bee Koon; Lee, Shoo Thien; Yeo, Giin Shang; Tang, Kean Choon; Noor Afifah, Ab Rahim; Siti Hanisa, Awal; Parikh, Panam; Wong, Jyh Eiin et al. (2019-06-13). "Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children". BMC Public Health 19 (Suppl 4): 541. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 6565598. PMID 31196019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31196019/.
- ↑ Galván, Marcos; Uauy, Ricardo; Corvalán, Camila; López-Rodríguez, Guadalupe; Kain, Juliana (September 2013). "Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates". Maternal and Child Health Journal 17 (7): 1243–1251. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9. ISSN 1573-6628. PMID 22915146. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915146/.
- ↑ Markus Jokela; G. David Batty; Ian J. Deary; Catharine R. Gale; Mika Kivimäki (2009). "Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort". Pediatrics 124 (3): e380 – e388. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0334. PMID 19706576.
- ↑ Deary & Batty 2007.
- ↑ Neisser et al. 1995.
- ↑ Ronfani, Luca; Vecchi Brumatti, Liza; Mariuz, Marika; Tognin, Veronica (2015). "The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study". PLOS ONE 10 (5): e0127052. Bibcode 2015PLoSO..1027052R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127052. PMC 4440732. PMID 25996934. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4440732.
- ↑ Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, Eric; Gottesman, Irving I.; Bouchard, Thomas J. (August 2009). "Beyond Heritability". Current Directions in Psychological Science 18 (4): 217–220. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x. PMC 2899491. PMID 20625474. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2899491.
- ↑ Turkheimer 2008.
- ↑ Devlin, B.; Daniels, Michael; Roeder, Kathryn (1997). "The heritability of IQ". Nature 388 (6641): 468–71. Bibcode 1997Natur.388..468D. doi:10.1038/41319. PMID 9242404.
- ↑ Gwall cyfeirio: Tag
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annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enwSchmidt98
- ↑ Gwall cyfeirio: Tag
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annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enwStrenze2007