While submarines were invented centuries ago, development of self-propelled torpedoes during the latter half of the 19th century dramatically increased the effectiveness of military submarines.
Heavy casualties occurred when submarines sank large passenger ships converted into military transports, such as the Wilhelm Gustloff , that were overloaded with soldiers, prisoners, or refugees.
Initial submarine scouting patrols against surface warships sank several cruisers during the first month of World War I . Incidental submarine encounters with merchant ships were performed by signalling ships to stop, then sinking them after evacuation of the crew, in accordance with international law. After unrestricted submarine warfare began in February 1915, any ship could be sunk unexpectedly from the heavy underwater hull damage inflicted by torpedoes. Many large ships sank without their crews being able to alert friendly forces in time, and the submarines which sank them were too small to rescue more than a few survivors.[ 1]
Many personnel casualties continued through World War II , and there have been a few later sinkings.
List of ships sunk by submarines by death tolls exceeding 150
edit
Deaths
Name
Type
National affiliation
Date
Submarine
National affiliation
9,343[ 2]
Wilhelm Gustloff
Cruise ship converted into a military transport serving as evacuation ship
Germany
30 January 1945
S-13
Soviet Union
6,500[ 3]
Goya
Freighter converted into a troop transport serving as evacuation ship
Germany
16 April 1945
L-3
Soviet Union
5,620[ 4]
Junyō Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
18 September 1944
HMS Tradewind
United Kingdom
5,400[ 5]
Toyama Maru
Troopship
Japan
29 June 1944
USS Sturgeon
United States
4,998[ 6]
Ryusei Maru
Troopship
Japan
24 February 1944
USS Rasher
United States
4,406-4,755[ 7]
Tamatsu Maru
Troopship
Japan
19 August 1944
USS Spadefish
United States
3,608[ 8]
General von Steuben
Ocean liner converted into a troop transport serving as evacuation ship
Germany
10 February 1945
S-13
Soviet Union
3,546[ 9]
Mayasan Maru
Troopship
Japan
18 November 1944
USS Picuda
United States
3,219[ 10]
Nikkin Maru
Troopship
Japan
30 June 1944
USS Tang
United States
3,000[ 6]
Tango Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
24 February 1944
USS Rasher
United States
2,765[ 11]
Lima Maru [ja ]
Troopship
Japan
8 February 1944
USS Snook
United States
2,670[ 5]
Petrella
Prisoner transport
Germany
8 February 1944
HMS Sportsman
United Kingdom
2,665[ 7]
Teia Maru
Troopship
Japan
19 August 1944
USS Rasher
United States
2,649[ 12]
Yoshida Maru No. 1
Troopship
Japan
26 April 1944
USS Jack
United States
2,495[ 13]
Yoshino Maru
Troopship
Japan
31 July 1944
USS Parche
United States
2,475[ 13]
Sakito Maru
Troopship
Japan
1 March 1944
USS Trout
United States
2,246[ 9]
Akitsu Maru
Aircraft carrier
Japan
14 November 1944
USS Queenfish
United States
2,134[ 14]
Hawaii Maru
Troopship
Japan
2 December 1944
USS Sea Devil
United States
2,113[ 15]
Edogawa Maru
Troopship
Japan
17 November 1944
USS Sunfish
United States
2,089[ 16]
Dainichi Maru
Troopship
Japan
8 October 1943
USS Gurnard
United States
2,035[ 14]
Kamakura Maru
Troopship
Japan
28 April 1943
USS Gudgeon
United States
2,008[ 17]
Awa Maru
Ocean liner
Japan
1 April 1945
USS Queenfish
United States
2,000[ 5]
Ural Maru
Ocean liner
Japan
27 September 1944
USS Flasher
United States
2,000[ 18]
Salzburg
Transport ship serving as prisoner transport
Germany
1 October 1942
M-118
Soviet Union
1,934[ 13]
Nichiren Maru
Troopship
Japan
16 March 1944
USS Tautog
United States
1,926[ 19]
Principe Umberto
Troopship
Italy
8 June 1916
SM U-5
Austria-Hungary
1,773[ 20]
Arisan Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
24 October 1944
USS Snook or USS Shark
United States
1,747[ 13]
Arabia Maru
Troopship
Japan
18 October 1944
USS Bluegill
United States
1,704[ 13]
Denmark Maru
Troopship
Japan
16 January 1944
USS Whale
United States
1,658[ 21]
Laconia
Ocean liner /Troopship
United Kingdom
12 September 1942
U-156
Germany
1,650[ 22]
Taihō
Aircraft carrier
Japan
19 June 1944
USS Albacore
United States
1,602[ 13]
Daisyō Maru
Troopship
Japan
26 October 1944
USS Drum
United States
1,576[ 13]
Marei Maru
Troopship
Japan
25 January 1945
USS Silversides
United States
1,540[ 6]
Kōshū Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
4 August 1944
USS Ray
United States
1,539[ 13]
Kenzui Maru
Troopship
Japan
23 December 1944
USS Blenny
United States
1,529[ 23]
Tsushima Maru
Cargo liner serving as evacuation ship
Japan
22 August 1944
USS Bowfin
United States
1,471[ 13]
Jinyō Maru
Troopship
Japan
7 December 1944
USS Trepang
United States
1,451[ 13]
Hakuyo Maru
Troopship
Japan
25 October 1944
USS Seal
United States
1,450[ 13]
Maebashi Maru
Troopship
Japan
30 September 1943
USS Pogy
United States
1,435[ 14]
Shinano
Aircraft carrier
Japan
29 November 1944
USS Archerfish
United States
1,428[ 13]
Shiranesan Maru
Troopship
Japan
19 October 1944
USS Raton
United States
1,400[ 14]
Tatsuta Maru
Troopship
Japan
9 February 1943
USS Tarpon
United States
1,394[ 14]
Mizuho Maru
Troopship
Japan
21 September 1944
USS Redfish
United States
1,384[ 14]
Fuso Maru
Troopship
Japan
31 July 1944
USS Steelhead
United States
1,338[ 24]
Gallia
Troopship
France
8 October 1916
SM U-35
Germany
1,310[ 14]
Awata Maru
Troopship
Japan
22 October 1943
USS Grayback
United States
1,300
Ashigara
Heavy cruiser
Japan
8 June 1945
HMS Trenchant
United Kingdom
1,291[ 25]
Conte Rosso
Troopship
Italy
24 May 1941
HMS Upholder
United Kingdom
1,279[ 26]
Khedive Ismail
Troopship
United Kingdom
12 February 1944
I-27
Japan
1,273[ 14]
Tsuyama Maru
Troopship
Japan
2 October 1944
USS Pomfret
United States
1,272[ 14]
Shōkaku
Aircraft carrier
Japan
19 June 1944
USS Cavalla
United States
1,262[ 14]
Nichiran Maru
Troopship
Japan
12 July 1944
USS Piranha
United States
1,250[ 14]
Chūyō
Aircraft carrier
Japan
4 December 1943
USS Sailfish
United States
1,240[ 14]
Unryū
Aircraft carrier
Japan
19 December 1944
USS Redfish
United States
1,197[ 27]
Lusitania
Ocean liner
United Kingdom
7 May 1915
SM U-20
Germany
1,200[ 6]
Takachiho Maru [ja ]
Ocean liner
Japan
19 March 1943
USS Kingfish
United States
1,200[ 28]
Kongō
Battleship
Japan
21 November 1944
USS Sealion
United States
1,188[ 29]
Yasukuni Maru
Troopship
Japan
24 January 1944
USS Trigger
United States
1,184[ 13]
Rashin Maru
Troopship
Japan
8 August 1945
USS Pargo
United States
1,159[ 14]
Rakuyo Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
12 September 1944
USS Sealion
United States
1,130[ 30]
Shinyo
Aircraft carrier
Japan
17 November 1944
USS Spadefish
United States
1,118[ 13]
Hakozaki Maru
Ocean liner
Japan
19 March 1945
USS Balao
United States
1,073[ 14]
Fukuyo Maru
Troopship
Japan
6 December 1944
USS Segundo
United States
1,053[ 31]
Montevideo Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
1 July 1942
USS Sturgeon
United States
995[ 32]
Galilea
Troopship
Italy
28 March 1942
HMS Proteus
United Kingdom
956[ 14]
Taihei Maru
Troopship
Japan
9 July 1944
USS Sunfish
United States
935[ 33]
HMT Royal Edward
Troopship
United Kingdom
13 August 1915
SM UB-14
Germany
921[ 34]
Città di Palermo
Armed merchant cruiser serving as troopship
Italy
5 January 1942
HMS Proteus
United Kingdom
930[ 35]
La Provence
Troopship
France
26 February 1916
SM U-35
Germany
883[ 36]
USS Indianapolis
Heavy cruiser
United States
30 July 1945
I-58
Japan
880[ 37]
Verona
Troopship
Italy
11 May 1918
SM UC-52
Germany
870[ 38]
Minas
Troopship
Italy
15 February 1917
SM U-39
Germany
866[ 39] [ 40]
Scillin
Cargo ship serving as POW ship
Italy
14 November 1942
HMS Sahib
United Kingdom
865[ 41]
Arandora Star
Ocean liner serving as POW ship
United Kingdom
2 July 1940
U-47
Germany
862[ 42]
HMS Barham
Battleship
United Kingdom
25 November 1941
U-331
Germany
856[ 43]
Nova Scotia
Troopship/POW ship
United Kingdom
28 November 1942
U-177
Germany
856[ 13]
Tenryō Maru
Troopship
Japan
29 May 1945
USS Sterlet
United States
846[ 44]
Lisbon Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
1 October 1942
USS Grouper
United States
819[ 45]
Leopoldville
Troopship
Belgium
24 December 1944
U-486
Germany
817[ 14]
Taiyō Maru [ja ]
Ocean liner
Japan
8 May 1942
USS Grenadier
United States
810[ 14]
Akane Maru
Troopship
Japan
6 October 1944
USS Whale
United States
800[ 25]
Francesco Crispi
Troopship
Italy
19 April 1943
HMS Saracen
United Kingdom
786[ 46]
HMS Royal Oak
Battleship
United Kingdom
14 October 1939
U-47
Germany
768[ 47]
Struma
Motor schooner
Panama
24 February 1942
Shch-213
Soviet Union
754[ 48]
Athos
Ocean liner
France
17 February 1917
SM U-65
Germany
747[ 14]
Taiyō
Aircraft carrier
Japan
18 August 1944
USS Rasher
United States
740[ 49]
Le Calvados
Troopship
France
4 November 1915
SM U-38
Germany
700[ 50]
Shuntien
Coastal merchant ship serving as POW ship
United Kingdom
23 December 1941
U-559
Germany
688[ 51]
Shinyō Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
7 September 1944
USS Paddle
United States
686[ 13]
Taisei Maru
Troopship
Japan
19 April 1945
USS Sunfish
United States
684[ 52]
Léon Gambetta
Armored cruiser
France
27 April 1915
SM U-5
Austria-Hungary
683[ 53]
USS Juneau
Anti-Air cruiser
United States
13 November 1942
I-26
Japan
675[ 54]
Dorchester
Troopship
United States
3 February 1943
U-223
Germany
672[ 55]
SMS Prinz Adalbert
Armored cruiser
Germany
23 October 1915
HMS E8
United Kingdom
668[ 13]
Nikkō Maru
Passenger and cargo ship
Japan
9 April 1945
USS Tirante
United States
667[ 56]
Taito Maru
Cargo ship serving as evacuation ship
Japan
22 August 1945
L-12
Soviet Union
658[ 13]
Tateyama Maru
Troopship
Japan
1 March 1945
USS Sterlet
United States
656[ 13]
Sanka Maru
Troopship
Japan
10 March 1945
USS Kete
United States
654[ 57]
Ceramic
Ocean liner
United Kingdom
7 December 1942
U-515
Germany
648[ 58]
Suffren
Pre-dreadnought battleship
France
26 November 1916
SM U-52
Germany
644[ 59]
USS Liscombe Bay
Escort carrier
United States
24 November 1943
I-175
Japan
643[ 60]
HMS Hampshire
Armored cruiser
United Kingdom
5 June 1916
SM U-75
Germany
638[ 61]
Sant Anna
Troopship
France
11 May 1918
SM UC-54
Germany
638[ 62]
Ogasawara Maru [ja ]
Cable layer serving as evacuation ship
Japan
22 August 1945
L-12
Soviet Union
615[ 6]
Suez Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
29 November 1943
USS Bonefish
United States
611[ 63]
Sidi-Bel-Abbès
Troopship
France
20 April 1943
U-565
Germany
610[ 64]
HMT Aragon
Troopship
United Kingdom
30 December 1917
SM UC-34
Germany
599[ 65]
America Maru
Ocean liner serving as evacuation ship
Japan
6 March 1944
USS Nautilus
United States
597[ 66]
Pallada
Protected cruiser
Russia
11 October 1914
SM U-26
Germany
595[ 67]
Tamahoko Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
24 June 1944
USS Tang
United States
574[ 68]
Nigitsu Maru
Depot ship serving as troopship
Japan
12 January 1944
USS Hake
United States
570[ 69]
Trento
Heavy cruiser
Italy
15 June 1942
HMS Umbra
United Kingdom
564[ 70]
Leinster
Irish Sea Ferry
United Kingdom
10 October 1918
SM UB-123
Germany
562[ 71]
HMS Cressy
Armored cruiser
United Kingdom
22 September 1914
SM U-9
Germany
555[ 72]
Euterpe
Troopship
Austria-Hungary
11 August 1918
F 7
Italy
547[ 73]
HMS Formidable
Pre-dreadnought battleship
United Kingdom
1 January 1915
SM U-24
Germany
544[ 74]
Konron Maru [ja ]
Troopship
Japan
5 October 1943
USS Wahoo
United States
527[ 75]
HMS Aboukir
Armored cruiser
United Kingdom
22 September 1914
SM U-9
Germany
526[ 76]
HMS Hawke
Protected cruiser
United Kingdom
15 October 1914
SM U-9
Germany
523[ 12]
Aden Maru
Troopship
Japan
6 May 1944
USS Gurnard
United States
518[ 46]
HMS Courageous
Aircraft carrier
United Kingdom
17 September 1939
U-29
Germany
514[ 77]
HMS Avenger
Escort carrier
United Kingdom
15 November 1942
U-155
Germany
503[ 13]
Nankin Maru
Troopship
Japan
17 March 1945
USS Spot
United States
500~[ 78]
Rooseboom
Troopship
Netherlands
1 March 1942
I-59
Japan
497[ 79]
Tembien
Cargo ship serving as POW ship
Italy
27 February 1942
HMS Upholder
United Kingdom
488[ 14]
Kachidoki Maru [ja ]
Prisoner transport
Japan
12 September 1944
USS Pampanito
United States
484[ 80]
Yoma
Troopship
United Kingdom
17 June 1943
U-81
Germany
484[ 81] [ 82]
Armando Diaz
Light cruiser
Italy
25 February 1941
HMS Upright
United Kingdom
470[ 83]
HMS Galatea
Light cruiser
United Kingdom
14 December 1941
U-557
Germany
461[ 6]
Ikoma Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
20 January 1944
USS Seahorse
United States
452[ 14]
Kenjo Maru
Troopship
Japan
7 December 1944
USS Razorback
United States
450[ 84]
Bahia Laura
Troopship
Germany
30 August 1941
HMS Trident
United Kingdom
450[ 85]
Tama
Light cruiser
Japan
20 October 1944
USS Jallao
United States
448[ 15]
Seisho Maru
Troopship
Japan
18 November 1944
USS Sunfish
United States
440[ 86]
Asama Maru
Prisoner transport
Japan
1 November 1944
USS Atule
United States
436[ 87]
Djemnah
Ocean liner
France
14 July 1918
SM UB-105
Germany
432[ 88]
Città di Messina
Troopship
Italy
12 January 1941
HMS Regent
United Kingdom
419[ 89]
HMS Dunedin
Light cruiser
United Kingdom
24 November 1941
U-124
Germany
417[ 90]
HMS Penelope
Light cruiser
United Kingdom
18 February 1944
U-410
Germany
414[ 91]
Transylvania
Troopship
United Kingdom
4 May 1917
SM U-63
Germany
400[ 92]
Balkan
Troopship
France
16 August 1918
SM UB-48
Germany
392[ 93]
Empress of Canada
Troopship
United Kingdom
13 March 1943
Leonardo da Vinci
Italy
381[ 94]
Giovanni delle Bande Nere
Light cruiser
Italy
1 April 1942
HMS Urge
United Kingdom
379[ 95]
Brazza
Ocean liner
France
28 May 1940
U-37
Germany
375[ 96]
HMS Hogue
Armored cruiser
United Kingdom
22 September 1914
SM U-9
Germany
374[ 97]
Amiral Charner
Armored cruiser
France
8 February 1916
SM U-21
Germany
373[ 98]
Marina Raskova
Merchant ship
Soviet Union
13 August 1944
U-365
Germany
369[ 99]
HMS Fidelity
Q-ship
United Kingdom
30 December 1942
U-435
Germany
364[ 100]
Doggerbank
Blockade runner
Germany
3 March 1943
U-43
Germany
362[ 101]
Abosso
Ocean liner
United Kingdom
29 October 1942
U-575
Germany
360[ 102]
Calabria
Cargo and passenger liner
United Kingdom
8 December 1940
U-103
Germany
360[ 103]
Almeda Star
Ocean liner
United Kingdom
17 January 1941
U-96
Germany
360[ 104]
Atago
Heavy cruiser
Japan
23 October 1944
USS Darter
United States
349[ 105]
Nagara
Light cruiser
Japan
7 August 1944
USS Croaker
United States
344[ 106]
Medjerda
Troopship
France
11 May 1917
SM U-34
Germany
343[ 107]
Emma
Cargo ship/Troopship
Italy
16 January 1943
HMS Splendid
United Kingdom
336[ 108]
Maya
Heavy cruiser
Japan
23 October 1944
USS Dace
United States
336[ 109]
Diana
Aviso/Sloop
Italy
29 June 1942
HMS Thrasher
United Kingdom
334[ 110]
Persia
Ocean liner
United Kingdom
30 December 1915
SM U-38
Germany
330[ 111]
Natori
Light cruiser
Japan
18 August 1944
USS Hardhead
United States
323[ 112]
ARA General Belgrano
Light cruiser
Argentina
2 May 1982
HMS Conqueror
United Kingdom
320[ 113]
Sebastiano Venier
Cargo ship serving as POW ship
Italy
9 December 1941
HMS Porpoise
United Kingdom
307[ 6]
Urakaze
Destroyer
Japan
21 November 1944
USS Sealion II
United States
305[ 6]
Mefküre
Motor schooner
Turkey
5 August 1944
Shch-215
Soviet Union
300[ 114]
Andrea Sgarallino
Passenger ship
Italy
22 September 1943
HMS Uproar
United Kingdom
272[ 115]
Henry R. Mallory
Troopship
United States
7 February 1943
U-402
Germany
270[ 116]
Baependy
Cargo liner
Brazil
15 August 1942
U-507
Germany
268[ 117]
AHS Centaur
Hospital ship
Australia
14 May 1943
I-177
Japan
258
City of Benares
Ocean liner serving as child evacuation ship
United Kingdom
17 September 1940
U-48
Germany
226
Yamakaze
Destroyer
Japan
25 June 1942
USS Nautilus
United States
194[ 118]
INS Khukri
Frigate
India
9 December 1971
PNS Hangor
Pakistan
193[ 119]
USS Wasp
Aircraft carrier
United States
15 September 1942
I-19
Japan
^ Tarrant, V.E. (1989). The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945 . Arms and Armour. pp. 7–14. ISBN 1-85409-520-X .
^ "A Memorial to The Wilhelm Gustloff" . Jason Pipes. Retrieved 6 December 2010 .
^ Goralski, Robert (1981). World War II Almanac: 1931–1945 . New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 397. ISBN 0-399-12548-5 .
^ van der Kuil, Peter (March 2003). "List of Casualties" . The Sinking of the Junyo Maru . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012.
^ a b c "Greatest Maritime Disasters" . International Registry of Sunken Ships. Retrieved 6 December 2010 .
^ a b c d e f g h "More Maritime Disasters of World War II" . George Duncan. Retrieved 6 December 2010 .
^ a b "Convoy Hi-71 (ヒ71船団)" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 17 November 2011 .
^ "SS General von Steuben [+1945]" . WreckSite. Retrieved 6 December 2010 .
^ a b "Convoy Hi-81 (ヒ81船団)" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 17 November 2011 .
^ "Nikkin Maru – Casualties (日錦丸の被害)" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 18 November 2011 .
^ "Convoy Mo-Ta-06 (モタ61船団)" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 18 November 2011 .
^ a b "Convoy Take Ichi" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 17 November 2011 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "List of sunken ships in Pacific War (太平洋戦争時の喪失船舶明細表)" (PDF) . Sunken Ships Record Association (戦没船を記録する会). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2012 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "List of Casualties – Japanese" . WreckSite. Retrieved 9 December 2010 .
^ a b "Convoy Mi-27" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 18 November 2011 .
^ "Convoy 772 (第772船団)" (PDF) . All Japan Seamen's Union. Retrieved 18 November 2011 .
^ Weland, Gerald (October 2010). "Sinking the Awa Maru: Captain Loughlin's Disastrous Mistake". Sea Classics .
^ Antony Preston, Warship 2001-2002 , p. 79 Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Vol 7: The Allies Strike Back p. 179 Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935–1953 , p. 266
^ Favre, Franco. La marina nella Grande Guerra. Le operazioni navali, aeree, subacquee e terrestri in Adriatico (in Italian). p. 145. Other sources say 1,750 victims.[citation needed ]
^ Blair, Clay (1975). Silent Victory: The US Submarine War Against Japan . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 744 . ISBN 0397007531 .
^ "Laconia (British Troop transport) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net" . uboat.net . Retrieved 8 March 2022 .
^ Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press . p. 112. ISBN 1-55750-914-X .
^ "Tsushima Maru" . Cruise Line Fans. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Armed merchant cruiser Gallia" . Uboataces. Retrieved 10 November 2013 .
^ a b "List of Casualties" . WreckSite. Retrieved 9 December 2010 .
^ "HIJMS Submarine I-27: Tabular Record of Movement" . Combined Fleet. Retrieved 30 August 2011 .
^ The official figures give 1195 lost out of 1959, excluding three stowaways who also were lost. The figures here eliminate some repetitions from the list and people subsequently known not to be on board. "Passenger and Crew Statistics" . The Lusitania Resource . Retrieved 27 April 2024 .
^ "IJN Kongo: Tabular Record of Movement" . Combined Fleet. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2012). "IJN Submarine Tender Yasukuni Maru: Tabular Record of Movement" . Imperial Japanese Navy Page . combinedfleet.com.
^ Tully, Anthony (2002). "IJN Shinyo: Tabular Record of Movement" . Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Carrier Fleet . combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2012 .
^ "Montevideo Maru" . Cruise Line Fans. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Notarangelo, Rolando; Pagano, Gian Paolo. Navi mercantili perdute . USMM. p. XVI.
^ Wise, James E; Baron, Scott (2004). Soldiers Lost at Sea: A Chronicle of Troopship Disasters . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 77 . ISBN 978-1-59114-966-8 . OCLC 52182511 .
^ "La Morte Eroica del Salsese Don Alberto Carozza" (in Italian). Amici di Salsomaggiore. Other sources say 600–700 killed.[citation needed ]
^ "La Provence" . GreatShips.Net. Retrieved 18 December 2010 .
^ Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 156. ISBN 1-55750-914-X .
^ "Verona" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Minas" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ ALberto Santoni, Il vero traditore. Il ruolo documentato di Ultra nella guerra del Mediterraneo , pp. 257–258
^ "La vera storia dell'affondamento dello Scillin" . Storie di uomini di navi (in Italian). Trento in Cina.
^ "SS Arandora Star" . Colonsay. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010 .
^ Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 52. ISBN 1-55750-914-X .
^ "RMS Nova Scotia" . Mercantile Marine. Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
^ "Lisbon Maru" . Cruise Line Fans. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Leopoldville" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ a b Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 27. ISBN 1-55750-914-X .
^ "SS Struma" . Cruise Line Fans. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Athos" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Le Calvados" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Shuntien" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Erickson, James W (2006). "Roster of Allied Prisoners of War believed aboard Shinyo Maru when torpedoed and sunk 7 September 1944" . Japanese-pow Home Page . West-Point.org. Retrieved 28 March 2010 .
^ "Leon Gambetta" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Frank, Richard B (1990). Guadalcanal . Random House. p. 459 . ISBN 0-394-58875-4 .
^ "Dorchester" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Prinz Adalbert [+1915]" . WreckSite. Retrieved 18 December 2010 .
^ "Taitō maru" . Museum of Japanese Merchant Ship. Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
^ "Ceramic" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 November 2012 .
^ "Suffren" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 74. ISBN 1-55750-914-X .
^ "HMS Hampshire" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 November 2012 .
^ "Sant Anna" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "HLN802" . NTT Union. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016 .
^ "Sidi-Bel-Abbès" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Aragon" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Hackett, Robert (2012–2014). "IJA Hospital Ship/IJN Transport AMERICA MARU: Tabular Record of Movement" . Imperial Japanese Navy Page . combinedfleet.com.
^ "Pallada" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2012). "IJA Transport TAMAHOKO (ex-YONE) MARU: Tabular Record of Movement" . Imperial Japanese Navy Page . combinedfleet.com.
^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2012). "IJA Landing Craft Depot Ship NIGITSU MARU: Tabular Record of Movement" . Imperial Japanese Navy Page . combinedfleet.com.
^ Giuseppe Fioravanzo, "La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale – Volume II – La guerra nel Mediterraneo – Le azioni navali – Tomo Secondo: dal 1° aprile 1941 all’8 settembre 1943", Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare italiana
^ Donal Byrne (10 October 2018). "The Sinking of RMS Leinster and SS Dundalk" . RTE. Retrieved 10 October 2018 . On that morning the Leinster carried about 180 civilians, 77 crew, some 500 soldiers and 22 postal workers. ... One hundred years on, the records of how many were on the Leinster are still being probed and the death toll updated. As of six weeks ago, the figure stands at 564.
^ "Cressy" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "P.fo Euterpe" . DIRItalia.
^ Tarrant, V.E. (2000). The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945 . Sterling Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 1-85409-520-X .
^ Cressman, Robert J. (2000). The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 185 . ISBN 1-55750-149-1 .
^ "Aboukir" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Hawke" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "HMS Avenger (D14)" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "SS Rooseboom (+1942)" . WreckSite. 4 November 2012.
^ Giorgerini, Giorgio. La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta 1940–1943 (in Italian). p. 519.
^ "Yoma" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Ritrovato il relitto dell'incrociatore Diaz" . Giornale di Vicenza (in Italian). Luca Valente. 13 April 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014.
^ Other sources (Giorgio Giorgerini, La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina fra vittoria e sconfitta 1940–1943 , and Gianni Rocca, Fucilate gli ammiragli. La tragedia della Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale ) says 500 victims, other 464.
^ "HMS Galatea (71)" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Prince Line" . The Merchant Navy Association. Retrieved 28 February 2012 .
^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander (1997–2012). "IJN Light Cruiser Tama: Tabular Record of Movement" . Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Cruiser Force . combinedfleet.com.
^ Pocock, Michael W (27 December 2007). "Asama Maru (1929)" . MaritimeQuest.
^ "Djemnah" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Città di Messina" . conlapelleappesaaunchiodo.blogspot.it . Retrieved 18 December 2017 .
^ "HMS Dunedin (D93)" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "HMS Penelope (97)" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "SS Transylvania" . Clydebuilt. Archived from the original on 7 January 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2011 .{{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link )
^ "Balkan" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Jordan, Roger (2006). The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 110. ISBN 1-59114-959-2 .
^ "Vita operativa degli incrociatori" . Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri. 1979.
^ "Brazza" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Hogue" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Amiral Charner" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Marina Raskova" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "HMS Fidelity (D57)" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Doggerbank" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Abosso" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Calabria" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Almeda Star" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Blair, Clay (1975). Silent Victory . J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 730 .
^ "IJN Nagara: Tabular Record of Movement" . Combined Fleet. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Medjerda" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Rocca, Gianni. Fucilate gli ammiragli: La tragedia della Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale . pp. 273–274.
^ Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941–1945) . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 328.
^ Cernuschi, Enrico; Brescia, Maurizio; Bagnasco, Erminio. Le navi ospedale italiane 1935–1945 . p. 44.
^ "Persia" . Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "IJN Natori: Tabular Record of Movement" . Combined Fleet. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "The sinking of the ARA General Belgrano" . Bob Henneman. Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ Kemble, Mine. "British Submarine HMS Porpoise" . British Submarines of World War 2 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. {{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link )
^ "L'affondamento dello Sgarallino " (PDF) . Mucchio Selvaggio. pp. 49–52. Other sources say about 330 people were killed.[citation needed ]
^ Arnold, Hague (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 . Naval Institute Press. p. 137. ISBN 1-55750-019-3 .
^ Scheina, Robert L. "Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001" Potomac Books, 2003. p. 161. ISBN 9781574884524
^ "Centaur (Hospital ship) | Australian War Memorial" . www.awm.gov.au . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
^ "09/12/1971 – Submarine PNS Hangor Sinks INS Khukri" . Retrieved 18 December 2017 .
^ "USS Wasp (Wasp-class)" . World War II Database .