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CBR1

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CBR1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCBR1, CBR, SDR21C1, hcarbonyl reductase 1, PG-9-KR
External IDsOMIM: 114830; MGI: 88284; HomoloGene: 37524; GeneCards: CBR1; OMA:CBR1 - orthologs
EC number1.1.1.197
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001757
NM_001286789

NM_007620

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001273718
NP_001748

NP_031646

Location (UCSC)Chr 21: 36.07 – 36.07 MbChr 16: 93.4 – 93.41 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Carbonyl reductase 1, also known as CBR1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the CBR1 gene.[5][6][7] The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family, which function as NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases having wide specificity for carbonyl compounds, such as quinones, prostaglandins, and various xenobiotics. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[5]

Function

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Carbonyl reductase is one of several monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases having wide specificity for carbonyl compounds. This enzyme is widely distributed in human tissues. Another carbonyl reductase gene, CBR3, lies close to this gene on chromosome 21q22.12.[5] CBR1 metabolizes many toxic environmental quinones and pharmacological relevant substrates such as the anticancer doxorubicin.[8] Several studies have shown that CBR1 plays a protective role in oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and apoptosis.[9] In addition, CBR1 inactivates lipid aldehydes during oxidative stress in cells. Therefore, CBR1 may play a beneficial role in protecting against cellular damage resulting from oxidative stress.[10]

Polymorphisms

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Up-to-date two non-synonymous polymorphisms on CBR1 have been identified. The CBR1 V88I polymorphism encodes for a valine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 88 of the aminoacid chain. In vitro studies with recombinant proteins indicate that the CBR1 V88 isoform has a higher Vmax towards the substrates menadione (vitamin K3) and daunorubicin.[11] Recent studies in human liver cytosols show that an untranslated polymorphism on the 3'UTR region of the CBR1 gene (rs9024)[12] is associated with higher levels of the cardiotoxic metabolite doxorubicinol.[13]

Structure

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Gene

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Human CBR1 gene includes 8 exons.[5]

Protein

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The enzyme consists of 277 amino acid residues and is widely distributed in human tissues such as liver, epidermis, stomach, small intestine, kidney, neuronal cells, and smooth muscle fibers.[14] The best substrates of CBR1 are quinones, including ubiquinone-1 and tocopherolquinone (vitamin E). Ubiquinones (coenzyme Q) are constitutive parts of the respiratory chain, and tocopherolquinone protects lipids of biological membranes against lipid peroxidation, indicating that CBR1 may play an important role as an oxidation–reduction catalyst in biological processes.[15]

Clinical significance

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CBR1 has been reported to relate to tumor progression.[16] Suppression of CBR1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in uterine endometrial cancer and uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma.[16] Previous studies showed that decreased CBR1 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer, and induction of CBR1 expression in ovarian tumors leads to a spontaneous decrease in tumor size.[17]

Recent study demonstrates that CBR1 attenuates apoptosis and promotes cell survival in pancreatic β cell lines under glucotoxic and glucolipotoxic conditions via reducing ROS generation. Their data demonstrates that CBR1 expression level and enzyme activity are decreased in pancreatic islets isolated from db/db mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. These results suggest that CBR1 may play a role in protecting pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress under glucotoxic or glucolipotoxic conditions, and its reduced expression or activity may contribute to β-cell dysfunction in db/db mice or human type 2 diabetes.[14]

In addition, CBR1 may play a critical role in prostaglandin F (PGF) synthesis in human amnion fibroblasts, and cortisol promotes the conversion of PGE2 into PGF via glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated induction of CBR1 in human amnion fibroblasts. This stimulatory effect of cortisol on CBR1 expression may partly explain the concurrent increases of cortisol and PGF in human amnion tissue with labor, and these findings may account for the increased production of PGF in the fetal membranes prior to the onset of labor.[18]

Interactions

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CBR1 has been shown to interact with Cortisol,[18] C2 domain,[19] and Flavonoid.[20]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000159228Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000051483Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b c d "Entrez Gene: CBR1 carbonyl reductase 1".
  6. ^ Lemieux N, Malfoy B, Forrest GL (Jan 1993). "Human carbonyl reductase (CBR) localized to band 21q22.1 by high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization displays gene dosage effects in trisomy 21 cells". Genomics. 15 (1): 169–72. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1024. PMID 8432528.
  7. ^ Persson B, Kallberg Y, Bray JE, Bruford E, Dellaporta SL, Favia AD, Duarte RG, Jörnvall H, Kavanagh KL, Kedishvili N, Kisiela M, Maser E, Mindnich R, Orchard S, Penning TM, Thornton JM, Adamski J, Oppermann U (Mar 2009). "The SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase and related enzymes) nomenclature initiative". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 178 (1–3): 94–8. Bibcode:2009CBI...178...94P. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.040. PMC 2896744. PMID 19027726.
  8. ^ Wermuth B, Platts KL, Seidel A, Oesch F (Apr 1986). "Carbonyl reductase provides the enzymatic basis of quinone detoxication in man". Biochemical Pharmacology. 35 (8): 1277–82. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(86)90271-6. PMID 3083821.
  9. ^ Ismail E, Al-Mulla F, Tsuchida S, Suto K, Motley P, Harrison PR, Birnie GD (Mar 2000). "Carbonyl reductase: a novel metastasis-modulating function". Cancer Research. 60 (5): 1173–6. PMID 10728668.
  10. ^ Maser E (Feb 2006). "Neuroprotective role for carbonyl reductase?". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 340 (4): 1019–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.113. PMID 16406002.
  11. ^ Gonzalez-Covarrubias V, Ghosh D, Lakhman SS, Pendyala L, Blanco JG (Jun 2007). "A functional genetic polymorphism on human carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1 V88I) impacts on catalytic activity and NADPH binding affinity". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 35 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1124/dmd.107.014779. PMC 2442771. PMID 17344335.
  12. ^ "Reference SNP Cluster Report: rs9024". Entrez SNP. National Center for Biotechnology Information/National Institutes of Health.
  13. ^ Gonzalez-Covarrubias V, Zhang J, Kalabus JL, Relling MV, Blanco JG (Feb 2009). "Pharmacogenetics of human carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) in livers from black and white donors". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 37 (2): 400–7. doi:10.1124/dmd.108.024547. PMC 2680526. PMID 19022938.
  14. ^ a b Rashid MA, Lee S, Tak E, Lee J, Choi TG, Lee JW, Kim JB, Youn JH, Kang I, Ha J, Kim SS (Nov 2010). "Carbonyl reductase 1 protects pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in glucotoxicity and glucolipotoxicity". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 49 (10): 1522–33. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.015. PMID 20728534. (Erratum: doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.011, PMID 30076001,  Retraction Watch)
  15. ^ Wermuth B (Feb 1981). "Purification and properties of an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase from human brain. Relationship to prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase and xenobiotic ketone reductase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (3): 1206–13. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69950-3. PMID 7005231.
  16. ^ a b Murakami A, Yakabe K, Yoshidomi K, Sueoka K, Nawata S, Yokoyama Y, Tsuchida S, Al-Mulla F, Sugino N (1 October 2012). "Decreased carbonyl reductase 1 expression promotes malignant behaviours by induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition and its clinical significance". Cancer Letters. 323 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.035. PMID 22542806.
  17. ^ Osawa Y, Yokoyama Y, Shigeto T, Futagami M, Mizunuma H (March 2015). "Decreased expression of carbonyl reductase 1 promotes ovarian cancer growth and proliferation". International Journal of Oncology. 46 (3): 1252–8. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2810. hdl:10129/5591. PMID 25572536.
  18. ^ a b Guo C, Wang W, Liu C, Myatt L, Sun K (August 2014). "Induction of PGF2α synthesis by cortisol through GR dependent induction of CBR1 in human amnion fibroblasts". Endocrinology. 155 (8): 3017–24. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1848. PMC 4098009. PMID 24654784.
  19. ^ Yagi H, Conroy PJ, Leung EW, Law RH, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I, Whisstock JC, Norton RS (16 October 2015). "Structural Basis for Ca2+-mediated Interaction of the Perforin C2 Domain with Lipid Membranes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (42): 25213–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.668384. PMC 4646173. PMID 26306037.
  20. ^ Nelson SH, Grunebaum H (April 1971). "A follow-up study of wrist slashers". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 127 (10): 1345–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.127.10.1345. PMID 5549925.
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Further reading

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