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Lanthanide chlorides

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lanthanide chlorides are a group of chemical compounds that can form between a lanthanide element (from lanthanum to lutetium) and chlorine. The lanthanides in these compounds are usually in the +2 and +3 oxidation states, although compounds with lanthanides in lower oxidation states exist.

Lanthanide dichlorides

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Divalent chlorides are formed by neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, thulium and ytterbium. They can be prepared by reducing the trivalent chloride with lithium metal/naphthalene in tetrahydrofuran:[1]

LnCl3 + Li → LnCl2 + LiCl (Ln=Nd,Sm,Eu)

Reducing the chloride with the metal or hydrogen is also possible:[2][3]

2 LnCl3 + Ln → 3 LnCl2 (Ln=Nd,Sm,Eu?,Dy,Tm,Yb)
2 LnCl3 + H2 → 2 LnCl2 + 2 HCl (Ln=Nd,Sm,Eu,Dy,Tm,Yb)

Lanthanide trichlorides

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The lanthanide trichlorides can generally be prepared by dissolving the oxide or carbonate with hydrochloric acid. They are produced commercially by carbothermic reaction of the oxide. To produce the anhydrous forms of these trichlorides, the ammonium chloride route is taken. The anhydrous lanthanide trichlorides have high melting points and are generally pale colored.

Lanthanide trichlorides[4]
MCl3 color structure type f-configuration
LaCl3 colorless UCl3-type f0
CeCl3 colorless UCl3-type f1, doublet
PrCl3 green UCl3-type f2, triplet
NdCl3 pink UCl3-type f3, quartet
PmCl3 green UCl3-type f4, quintet
SmCl3 yellow UCl3-type f5, sextet
EuCl3 yellow UCl3-type f6, septet
GdCl3 colorless UCl3-type f7, octet
TbCl3 white PuBr3-type f8, septet
DyCl3 white AlCl3-type f9, sextet
HoCl3 yellow AlCl3-type f10, quintet
ErCl3 violet AlCl3-type f11, quartet
TmCl3 yellow AlCl3-type f12, triplet
YbCl3 colorless YCl3-type f13, doublet
LuCl3 colorless AlCl3-type f14

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rossmainth, Kurt (1979-01-01). "Herstellung der klassischen Seltenerd(II)-chloride in Lösung" [Preparation of the classical rare earth(II) chlorides in solution]. Anorganische, Struktur- und Physikalische Chemie. 110 (4): 109–114. doi:10.1007/BF00903752. S2CID 91731356.
  2. ^ Gerd Meyer, Lester R. Morss (1991). Synthesis of lanthanide and actinide compounds. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 0-7923-1018-7.
  3. ^ Brauer, Georg; Baudler, Marianne (1975). Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie, Band I. (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke. ISBN 3-432-02328-6.
  4. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.