Paw Paw Formation
Appearance
Paw Paw Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Late Albian ~ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Comanche & Washita Groups |
Lithology | |
Primary | Mudstone |
Location | |
Coordinates | 32°54′N 97°18′W / 32.9°N 97.3°W |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 30°12′N 59°48′W / 30.2°N 59.8°W |
Region | ![]() |
Country | ![]() |
The Paw Paw Formation is a geological formation in Texas whose strata date back to the late Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.
Fossil content
[edit]Color key
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Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Reptiles
[edit]Dinosaurs
[edit]Dinosaurs reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Nodosauridae indet.[1][2] | Indeterminate | Tarrant County, Texas | Humerus, ilia, scapulocoracoid and specimen representing a baby | Nodosaurid remains that cannot be compared with Pawpawsaurus due to lack of overlapping elements. Informally referred to as the "Paw Paw Scuteling".[3] | |
Pawpawsaurus[1] | P. campbelli | Tarrant County, Texas | Complete skull | A nodosaurid | |
Texasetes[4] | T. pleurohalio | Blue Mound | Partial skeleton | A nodosaurid |
Pterosaurs
[edit]Pterosaurs reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Coloborhynchus[5] | C. wadleighi | SMU locality 263 | Jaw elements | Species moved to the genus Uktenadactylus | |
Tapejarinae indet.[6] | Indeterminate | SMU locality 263 | Incomplete right metatarsal | Tapejarid bone with signs of scavenging by fish and sharks | |
Uktenadactylus[5][7] | U. wadleighi | SMU locality 263 | Jaw elements | An anhanguerid |
Turtles
[edit]Turtles reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Testudines indet.[2] | Indeterminate | SMU locality 241 | Remains of a turtle |
Fish
[edit]Bony fish
[edit]Bony fish reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Allocyclostoma[8] | A. alienus | Juniper Point locality | 3 otoliths | A beardfish | |
Apateodus[8] | A. sp. | Juniper Point locality | 6 otoliths | An aulopiform | |
Argentina?[8] | A. texana | Juniper Point locality | 49 otoliths | An argentine | |
Elopothrissus[8] | E. pawpawensis | Juniper Point locality | 139 otoliths | A bonefish | |
Genartina[8] | G. princeps | Juniper Point locality | 486 otoliths | A fish of uncertain classification | |
Ichthyodectiformes indet.[2] | Indeterminate | SMU locality 241 | Represents either Saurodon sp. or Saurocephalus sp. | ||
Ichthyotringa[8] | I.? cuneata | Juniper Point locality | 12 otoliths | An aulopiform | |
I. sp. | Juniper Point locality | An otolith | An aulopiform | ||
Paraulopus[8] | P.? wichitae | Juniper Point locality | 6 otoliths | An aulopiform | |
Pteralbula[8] | P. galtina | Juniper Point locality | 7 otoliths | A bonefish | |
Teleostei incertae sedis[8] | Indeterminate | Juniper Point locality | 3 otoliths | Teleost fish remains | |
Texoma[8] | T. cyclogaster | Juniper Point locality | 5 otoliths | A beardfish |
Cartilaginous fish
[edit]Cartilaginous fish reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Cretalamna[2][9] | C. appendiculata |
|
Teeth | An otodontid shark | |
Cretodus[9] | C. semiplicatus | Roanoke | 15 teeth | A mackerel shark | |
Cretoxyrhina[10] | C. vraconensis | Northeast Texas | Seven teeth | A mackerel shark | |
Leptostyrax[2][9] | L. macrorhizus |
|
Nine teeth | A mackerel shark | |
Paraisurus[2][9] | P. compressus |
|
Incomplete tooth | A mackerel shark | |
Protolamna[9] | P. roanokeensis | Roanoke | Teeth | A mackerel shark | |
Pseudohypolophus[2] | P. sp. | SMU locality 241 | A ray | ||
Squalicorax[2][9][11][12] | S. aff. S. baharijensis | A tooth | An anacoracid shark | ||
S. pawpawensis | Teeth | An anacoracid shark | |||
S. priscoserratus | Teeth | An anacoracid shark | |||
S. volgensis | Roanoke | Teeth | Material reassigned to S. pawpawensis | ||
S. sp. | Teeth | Material reassigned to S. pawpawensis |
Invertebrates
[edit]Arthropods
[edit]Arthropods reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Acanthaxius[13] | A. carinatus | Near Fort Worth | Several specimens | An axiid | |
Angulotergum[14] | A. milviformis | Salvation Army locality | Numerous specimens | A barnacle | |
Axiopsis[13] | A. pawpawensis | Near Fort Worth | One specimen | An axiid | |
A. sampsonumae | Near Fort Worth | One specimen | An axiid | ||
A. spinifera | Near Fort Worth | One specimen | An axiid | ||
Cenomanocarcinus[15] | C. vanstraeleni | Tarrant County | Several specimens | A cenomanocarcinid crab | |
Cretacoranina[16] | C. punctata |
|
Approximately 260 specimens | A frog crab | |
Dawsonius[13] | D. tigris | Near Fort Worth | Several specimens | A ctenochelid | |
Diotascalpellum[14] | D. acies | Salvation Army locality | Multiple specimens | A barnacle | |
Feldmannia[2][17][18] | F. wintoni |
|
Numerous specimens | An etyiid crab originally named as Xanthosia wintoni | |
Galathea[19] | G. cretacea | Watauga | One specimen | A squat lobster | |
G.? limonitica | South of Fort Worth | One specimen | A squat lobster | ||
Ivolepas[14] | I. worthensis | Salvation Army locality | Multiple specimens | A barnacle | |
Linuparus[2] | L. adkinsi | SMU locality 241 | A spiny lobster | ||
Marylyreidus[15] | M. punctatus | Tarrant County | 3 specimens | A lyreidid crab | |
Meticonaxius[13] | M. rhacheochir | Near Fort Worth | One specimen | A micheleid | |
Nephrops[19] | N. americanus | Fort Worth | Numerous specimens | A lobster | |
Nodosculda[20] | N. fisherorum | Near Fort Worth | Several specimens | A mantis shrimp | |
Paraxiopsis[13] | P. erugatus | Near Fort Worth | Several specimens | An axiid | |
P. texensis | Near Fort Worth | Several specimens | An axiid | ||
Raninella[2] | R. sp. | SMU locality 241 | A frog crab | ||
Xanthosia[2][17][18] | X. aspera |
|
Several specimens | An etyiid crab | |
X. pawpawensis |
|
36 specimens | An etyiid crab | ||
X. reidi |
|
10 carapaces | An etyiid crab | ||
X. wintoni |
|
Numerous specimens | Moved to the genus Feldmannia |
Bivalves
[edit]Bivalves reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Lima[2] | L. sp. | SMU locality 241 | A limid | ||
Lopha[2] | L. quadriplicata | SMU locality 241 | An ostreid | ||
Neithea[2] | N. sp. | SMU locality 241 | A neitheid | ||
Stearnsia[2] | S. robbinsi | SMU locality 241 | A crassatellid | ||
Texigryphaea[2] | T. washitaensis | SMU locality 241 | A gryphaeid | ||
Trigonia[2] | T. clavigera? | SMU locality 241 | A trigoniid |
Cephalopods
[edit]Cephalopods reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Anisoceras[21] | A. armatum | 5 fragments | An ammonite | ||
Cantabrigites[21] | C. spinosum | Multiple specimens | An ammonite | ||
C. wenoensis | Multiple specimens | An ammonite | |||
Conlinites[21] | C. wrighti |
|
Several hundred specimens | An ammonite | |
Engonoceras[2][21] | E. serpentinum | Near Denison | Multiple specimens | An ammonite | |
E. sp. | SMU locality 241 | An ammonite | |||
Enigmaticeras[21] | E. riceae |
|
12 specimens | An ammonite | |
Ficheuria[21] | F. americana | East of Watagua | One specimen | An ammonite | |
F. pernoni | One specimen | An ammonite | |||
Flickia[21] | F. simplex | South of Rio Vista | One specimen | An ammonite | |
Hamites[21] | H. venetzianus | Keller | 7 fragments | An ammonite | |
Lechites[21] | L. (Lechites) comanchensis | Multiple specimens | An ammonite | ||
Mariella[21] | M. (Mariella) asper |
|
Multiple specimens | An ammonite | |
M. (Mariella) worthensis |
|
Multiple specimens | An ammonite | ||
Mortoniceras[21] | M. (Subschloenbachia) rostratum | South of Rio Vista | Internal mould | An ammonite | |
Neophlycticeras[21] | N. (Neophlycticeras) sp. | A single shell | An ammonite | ||
N. (Paradolphia) occidentalis | East of Watagua | A single shell | An ammonite | ||
Scaphites[21] | S. hilli | Fort Worth | Multiple specimens | An ammonite | |
Stoliczkaia[21] | S. (Lamnayella) worthense | Fort Worth | Several hundred specimens | An ammonite | |
S. (Shumarinaia) asiatica | 2 specimens | An ammonite | |||
S. (Stoliczkaia) clavigera | Fragments of phragmocone | An ammonite | |||
Tetragonites[21] | T. sp. | Northeast of Watagua | Internal mould | An ammonite | |
Worthoceras[21] | W. worthense | Multiple specimens | An ammonite |
Echinoderms
[edit]Echinoderms reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Alkaidia[22] | A. sumralli |
|
36 fragments | A starfish | |
Altairia[22] | A. wintoni | Fort Worth | 6 specimens | A starfish | |
Asteroidea indet.[2] | Indeterminate | SMU locality 241 | A starfish | ||
Betelgeusia[22] | B. reidi |
|
Hundreds of specimens | A starfish | |
Capellia[22] | C. mauricei | Fort Worth | Several specimens | A starfish | |
Crateraster[22] | C. texensis |
|
Over 30 specimens | A starfish | |
Denebia[22] | D. americana |
|
Numerous specimens | A starfish | |
Discocrinus[23] | D. catastomus | Multiple specimens | A crinoid | ||
Echinoidea indet.[2] | Indeterminate | SMU locality 241 | A sea urchin | ||
Fomalhuatia[22] | F. hortensae |
|
Numerous specimens | A starfish | |
Goniasteridae indet.[22] | Unknown | Fort Worth | 3 marginal ossicles | A starfish | |
Poecilocrinus[2][23] | P. dispandus | SMU locality 241 | A crinoid | ||
P. dispandus forma discus | Few specimens | A crinoid | |||
P. dispandus forma floriformis | Multiple specimens | A crinoid | |||
Roveacrinus[23] | R. morganae | Fort Worth | One specimen | A crinoid | |
R. proteus | Fort Worth | 32 cups | A crinoid |
Gastropods
[edit]Gastropods reported from the Paw Paw Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Turritella[2] | T. sp. | SMU locality 241 | A turritellid |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Lee, Yuong-Nam (1996-06-05). "A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Paw Paw Formation (Late Albian) of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011311. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Jacobs, Louis; Winkler, Dale; Murry, Phillip; Maurice, John (1996). "A nodosaurid scuteling from the Texas shore of the Western Interior Seaway". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Hirsch, Karl F.; Horner, John R. (eds.). Dinosaur eggs and babies (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–346. ISBN 978-0-521-56723-7.
- ^ Riguetti, Facundo; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Ponce, Denis; Salgado, Leonardo; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Arbour, Victoria (2022-12-31). "A new small-bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia (Río Negro Province, Argentina)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 2137441. Bibcode:2022JSPal..2037441R. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2137441. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 254212751.
- ^ Jr., Walter P. Coombs (1995). "A New Nodosaurid Ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (2): 298–312. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b Lee, Yuong-Nam (1995). "The Early Cretaceous pterodactyloid pterosaur Coloborhynchus from North America". Palaeontology. 37: 755–763.
- ^ Mull, Olivia K.; Bennett, S. Christopher (2023-07-31). "Tapejarine pterosaur from the late Albian Paw Paw Formation of Texas, USA, with extensive feeding traces of multiple scavengers". Historical Biology: 1–6. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2241044. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ Rodrigues, Taissa (2008-12-31). "Review of the pterodactyloid pterosaur Coloborhynchus". Zitteliana. B28: 219–228.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Schwarzhans, Werner; Stringer, Gary L.; Welton, Bruce (December 2022). "Oldest Teleostean Otolith Assemblage from North America (Pawpaw Formation, Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian, northeast Texas, USA)". Cretaceous Research. 140: 105307. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105307. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ a b c d e f Cappetta, Henri; Gerard, Case (1999). "Additions aux faunes de sélaciens du Crétacé du Texas (Albien supérieur-Campanien)". Palaeo Ichthyologica. 9: 5–111.
- ^ Siverson, Mikael; Ward, David J.; Lindgren, Johan; Kelley, L. Scott (2013). "Mid-Cretaceous Cretoxyrhina (Elasmobranchii) from Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan and Texas, USA". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (1): 87–104. doi:10.1080/03115518.2012.709440. ISSN 0311-5518.
- ^ Welton, Bruce J.; Farish, Roger F. (1993). The collector's guide to fossil sharks and rays from the Cretaceous of Texas. Lewisvil[l]e, TX: Before Time. ISBN 978-0-9638394-0-4.
- ^ Siverson, Mikael; Lindgren, Johan; Kelley, L. Scott (2007-07-17). "ANACORACID SHARKS FROM THE ALBIAN (LOWER CRETACEOUS) PAWPAW SHALE OF TEXAS". Palaeontology. 50 (4): 939–950. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00691.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ^ a b c d e Franţescu, Ovidiu (2014). "Fossil mudshrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea) from the Pawpaw Formation (Cretaceous: Albian), northeast Texas, USA" (PDF). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum (40): 13–22.
- ^ a b c Gale, Andy S. (2020-11-01). "Cirripedes (Thoracica, Crustacea) from the Cretaceous (Albian and Cenomanian) of Texas and Oklahoma, USA". Cretaceous Research. 115: 104556. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104556. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ a b Van Bakel, Barry; Guinot, Danièle; Artal, Pedro; René H.B., Fraaije; Jagt, John W.M. (2012). "A revision of the Palaeocorystoidea and the phylogeny of raninoidian crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Podotremata)". Zootaxa. 3215: 1–216.
- ^ Haj, A. E.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (May 2002). "Functional morphology and taxonomic significance of a novel cuticular Structure in Cretaceous Raninid crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninidae)". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (3): 472–485. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0472:FMATSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b Hopkins, C. Schweitzer; Salva, Eric W.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (January 1999). "Re-evaluation of the genus Xanthosia Bell, 1863 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) and description of two new species from the Cretaceous of Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 73 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1017/S0022336000027566. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b Guinot, Danièle; Tavares, Marcos (2001). "Une nouvelle famille de crabes du Crustacés et la notion de Podotremata Guinot, 1977 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)" (PDF). Zoosystema (in French). 23: 507–546.
- ^ a b Stenzel, H.B. (1945). "Decapod Crustaceans from the Cretaceous of Texas" (PDF). The University of Texas Publication. 4401: 401–477.
- ^ Franţescu, Ovidiu (2012-09-01). "Nodosculda fisherorum, New Genus and New Species of Mantis Shrimp (Stomatopoda: Sculdidae) from the Cretaceous (Late Albian) of Texas, USA". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 32 (5): 774–779. S2CID 86727467.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kennedy, W. J. (2004-12-01). "Ammonites from the Pawpaw Shale (Upper Albian) in northeast Texas". Cretaceous Research. 25 (6): 865–905. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.08.005. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Blake, Daniel B.; Reid, Robert (May 1998). "Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (3): 512–532. doi:10.1017/S002233600002429X. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b c Gale, Andrew Scott; Rashall, Jenny Marie; Kennedy, William James; Holterhoff, Frank Koch (2021-03-05). "The microcrinoid taxonomy, biostratigraphy and correlation of the upper Fredericksburg and lower Washita groups (Cretaceous, middle Albian to lower Cenomanian) of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, USA". Acta Geologica Polonica. 71 (1): 1–52. doi:10.24425/agp.2020.132256. ISSN 0001-5709.