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User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Ki (cuneiform)

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Amarna letters form of ki

Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 ๐’† ) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAล  (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAแธช (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe. Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.

As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,[1]

Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "รฉ", and "รญ" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[2] ke-(9), ki-(291), qรฉ-(18), qรญ-(62), and KI-(288).

Cities of the ancient Near East

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The KI ๐’†  determinative was the Sumerian term for a city or city state.[3] In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU๐’Œท became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KUR๐’†ณ "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. ๐’„ก๐’†ณ๐’Œท๐’„ฉ๐’€œ๐’Œ…๐’Šญ LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".

Architectural organization

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Examples

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Sortable table of archaeological sites

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Ancient name
๐’† 
ki
Modern name
(Arabic)
Religious precinct
๐’‚
eโ‚‚
Tutelary deity
๐’€ญ
diล‹ir
Eridu
๐’‰ฃ๐’† 
eridugki
Tell Abu Shahrain Eabzu
๐’‚๐’ช๐’€Š
eโ‚‚.abzu
Enki
๐’€ญ๐’‚—๐’† 
den.ki
Kuara
๐’€€๐’„ฉ๐’† 
kuaraโ‚‚ki
Tell al-Lahm Irkalla
๐’€ญ๐’…•๐’†—๐’†ท
dir.kal.la
Nergal
๐’€ญ๐’†ง๐’€•๐’€•
dnergalโ‚“(kiลก.abg)
Ur
๐’‹€๐’€•๐’† 
urimโ‚‚ki
Tell el-Muqayyar Ekishnugal
๐’‚๐’†ง๐’‰ก๐’……
eโ‚‚.kiลก.nu.ล‹alโ‚‚
Nannar
๐’€ญ๐’‹€๐’† 
dnanna
Kesh
๐’‹™๐’€ญ๐’„ฒ๐’† 
keลกโ‚ƒki
Larsa
๐’Œ“๐’€•๐’† 
larsamki
Tell as-Senkereh Ebabbar
๐’‚๐’Œ“๐’Œ“
eโ‚‚.babbarโ‚‚
Utu
๐’€ญ๐’Œ“
dutu
Uruk
๐’€•๐’† 
unugki
Tell al-Warka Eanna
๐’‚๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ
eโ‚‚.an.na
An
๐’€ญ
an
Bad-tibira
๐’‚ฆ๐’พ๐’‰„๐’† 
badโ‚ƒ.tibiraki
Tell al-Madain Emushkalama
๐’‚๐’ˆน๐’Œฆ๐’ˆ 
eโ‚‚.muลกโ‚ƒ.kalam.ma
Lulal
๐’€ญ๐’‡ฝ๐’‹ญ
dluโ‚‚.lalโ‚ƒ
Lagash
๐’‰ข๐’“๐’†ท๐’† 
lagaลกki
Tell al-Hiba E-engura
๐’‚๐’‡‰๐’Š
eโ‚‚.engur.ra
Nanshe
๐’€ญ๐’€
dnanลกe
Girsu
๐’„ˆ๐’‹ข๐’† 
ล‹irโ‚‚.suki
Tell Telloh Eninnu
๐’‚๐’
eโ‚‚.ninnu
Ningirsu
๐’€ญ๐’Šฉ๐’Œ†๐’…
dnin.urta
Umma
๐’„‘๐’†ต๐’† 
ummaki
Tell Jokha Ebursigsig
๐’‚๐’“๐’…Š๐’…Š
eโ‚‚.bur.sigโ‚‡.sigโ‚‡
Shara
๐’€ญ๐’‡‹
dลกaraโ‚‚
Zabala
๐’€Š๐’ˆน
zabalaโ‚†ki
Tell Ibzeikh Esara
๐’‚๐’Šฌ
eโ‚‚.ลกar
Inanna
๐’€ญ๐’ˆน
dinana
Nippur
๐’‚—๐’†ค๐’† 
nibruki
Tell Nuffar Ekur
๐’‚๐’†ณ
eโ‚‚.kur
Enlil
๐’€ญ๐’‚—๐’†ค
den.lilโ‚‚
Shuruppak
๐’‹ข๐’†ณ๐’Š’๐’† 
ลกuruppagki
Tell Fara Edimgalanna
๐’‚๐’ด๐’ƒฒ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ
eโ‚‚.dim.gal.an.na
Ninlil
๐’€ญ๐’Šฉ๐’Œ†๐’†ค
dnin.lilโ‚‚
Marad
๐’€ซ๐’•๐’† 
marad.daki
Tell Wannat es-Sadum Eigikalamma
๐’‚๐’ด๐’ƒฒ๐’Œฆ๐’ˆ 
eโ‚‚.dim.gal.kalam.ma
Lugal-Marad
๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’€ซ๐’•
dlugal.marad.da
Adab
๐’Œ“๐’‰ฃ๐’† 
adabki
Tell Bismaya Emah
๐’‚๐’ˆค
eโ‚‚.maแธซ
Ninhursag
๐’€ญ๐’Šฉ๐’Œ†๐’„ฏ๐’Š•
dnin.แธซur.saล‹
Isin
๐’…”๐’† 
isinโ‚‚ki
Ishan al-Bahriyat Eshegmeshedu
๐’‚๐’‹ž๐’ˆจ๐’‚ ๐’ŒŒ
eโ‚‚.ลกegโ‚โ‚‚.me.ลกeโ‚ƒ.duโ‚‡
Nintinugga
๐’€ญ๐’Šฉ๐’Œ†๐’ท?๐’‚ต
dnin.tin.ugโ‚“(ezenโ‚“แธซal).ga
Eresh
๐’‰€๐’† 
ereลกโ‚‚ki
Larak
๐’†ท๐’Š๐’€๐’† 
la.ra.agki
Pabilsaฤ
๐’€ญ๐’‰บ๐’„‘๐’‰‹๐’Š•
dpa.bilโ‚ƒ.saล‹
Kish
๐’†ง๐’† 
kiลกki
Tell al-Uhaymir Edub
๐’‚๐’พ
eโ‚‚-dub
Zababa
๐’€ญ๐’๐’‚ท๐’‚ท
dza.baโ‚„.baโ‚„
Sippar
๐’Œ“๐’„’๐’‰ฃ๐’† 
zimbirki
Tell Abu Habbah Egalmah
๐’‚๐’ƒฒ๐’ˆค
eโ‚‚.gal.maแธซ
Gula
๐’€ญ๐’„˜๐’‡ฒ
dguโ‚‚.laโ‚‚
Akshak
๐’Œ”๐’† 
akลกakki
Akkad
๐’€€๐’‚ต๐’‰ˆ๐’† 
a.ga.deโ‚ƒki
Emush
๐’‚๐’ˆน
e.muลก
Ama-uลกumgal-ana
๐’€ญ๐’‚ผ๐’ƒฒ๐’”
dama.uลกumgal
Tutub
๐’Œ…๐’Œ…๐’Œ’๐’€๐’† 
tu.tu.ub.baki
Tell Khafajah Mami
๐’€ญ๐’ˆ ๐’ˆช
dma.mi
Eshnunna
๐’€Š๐’‰ฃ๐’ˆพ๐’† 
eลกโ‚ƒ.nun.naki
Tell Asmar Esikil
๐’‚๐’‚–
eโ‚‚.sikil
Ninazu
๐’€ญ๐’Šฉ๐’Œ†๐’€€๐’ซ
dnin.a.zuโ‚…
Ahuti
๐’€€๐’„ท๐’‹พ๐’† 
a.แธซu.tiki
Ambar
๐’†น๐’† 
ambarki
Arawa
๐’Œธ๐’† 
uruร—aki
Arua
๐’€€๐’†•๐’€€๐’† 
a.ruโ‚‚.aki
Durum
๐’‚ฆ๐’† 
durumki
Ninshubur
๐’€ญ๐’Šฉ๐’Œ†๐’‹š
dnin.ลกubur
Irikug
๐’Œท๐’†ฌ
iri.kugki
Bau
๐’€ญ๐’€๐’Œ‘
dba.uโ‚‚
Karkar
๐’…Ž๐’† 
karkarki
Ishkur
๐’€ญ๐’…Ž
diลกkur
Karzida
๐’‹ผ๐’€€๐’ฃ๐’•
kar.zid.daki
Kasura
๐’†๐’‹ฉ๐’Š
kaโ‚‚.sur.raki
Kian
๐’† ๐’€ญ๐’† 
ki.anki
Kieลกa
๐’† ๐’€Š๐’† 
ki.eลกโ‚ƒki
Kinunir
๐’† ๐’‰ก๐’‰ช๐’† 
ki.nu.nirki
Mashkan-shapir
๐’ˆฆ๐’ƒท๐’‰บ๐’€ ๐’† 
maลก.ganโ‚‚.ลกabraki
Tell Abu Duwari
Mari
๐’ˆ ๐’Œท๐’† 
ma.riโ‚‚ki
Mer
๐’€ญ๐’ˆจ๐’Š’
dme.ru
Sirara
๐’Œ“๐’ˆฃ๐’€๐’‹ณ๐’† 
siraraโ‚ƒki
Tell Abu Salabikh

Clickable map of archaeological sites

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Population estimates

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Measurement units and conversion

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Acres Hectares
Square feet 1 acre (44,000 square feet) 1 hectare (110,000 square feet)
Acres 1 acre (1.0 acre) 1 acre (0.40 hectares)
Hectares 1 hectare (2.5 acres) 1 hectare (1.0 hectare)
Square kilometers 1 square kilometre (250 acres) 1 square kilometre (100 hectares)
Square miles 1 square mile (640 acres) 1 square mile (260 hectares)

Population density

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Author Discipline Publication year Period covered Region covered People Per Hectare (pph)
Chandler Historian 1987 Ancient Near East 75โ€”200
Hassan Geoarchaeologist 1978 Bronze Age Asia 100
Adams Anthropologist 1966 Sumer 100โ€”200
Modelski Political scientist 1997 Ancient Southwest Asia 100โ€”200
Renfrew Paleolinguist Early Holocene Eurasia 200
McEvedy Demographer 1967 Meghalayan Old World 250
Mallowan Levantine archaeologist 1967 Bronze Age Iraq 400โ€”500
Yadin Judaic archaeologist 1963 Ancient Levant 600
Bairoch Economic historian 1988 Ancient Mediterranean 400โ€”700
Pettinato Paleographer 1981 Ancient Syria 714
Frankfort Orientalist 1948 Early Dynastic Mesopotamia 75โ€”494
Wright Near Eastern archaeologist 1981 Northgrippian Sumer
Nissen Archaeologist 1972 Bronze Age Lower Mesopotamia 100โ€”200
Whitehouse 1977 Bronze Age Asia 75โ€”400

Estimated settlement sizes (in hectares)

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Settlement Nissen Pettinato Mallowan Adams Roux
Eridu 50โ€”500
Bad-tibira 25 50โ€”500
Larak 50โ€”500
Sippar 50โ€”500
Shuruppak 100
Kish 84+ 50โ€”500
Uruk 250 400 50โ€”500
Ur 50 50โ€”500
Nippur 50 50โ€”500
Girsu 50โ€”500
Lagash 50โ€”500
Umma 400 50โ€”500
Kesh 40โ€”200 50โ€”500
Adab 40โ€”200 50โ€”500
Isin 50โ€”500
Larsa 50โ€”500
Zabala 40โ€”200 50โ€”500
Akshak 50โ€”500
Shekhna 100
Nagar 75โ€”100
Ebla 56
Anshan

Estimated settlement populations

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Settlement Pettinato Chandler Whitehouse Frankfort McEvedy Thompson Modelski
Eridu 10,000โ€”20,000
Bad-tibira 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000โ€”20,000
Larak 10,000โ€”20,000
Sippar 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000โ€”20,000
Shuruppak 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000โ€”30,000 17,000
Kish 10,000โ€”20,000 20,000 25,000
Uruk 50,000 50,000 30,000โ€”40,000 50,000
Ur 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000โ€”15,000 10,000
Adab 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000โ€”20,000 13,000
Akshak 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000โ€”20,000
Isin
Larsa 10,000โ€”20,000 10,000
Girsu 40,000โ€”80,000
Lagash 10,000โ€”20,000 19,000 10,000โ€”15,000 30,000โ€”60,000 40,000
Umma 10,000โ€”20,000 16,000 10,000โ€”15,000 40,000 34,000
Eshnunna 9,000
Tutub 12,000
Nippur 10,000โ€”20,000 20,000 20,000
Kesh 10,000 11,000
Zabala 10,000
Assur
Nineveh
Akkad
Mari 40,000
Ebla โ‰ค40,000 30,000
Shekhna 20,000
Nagar 10,000โ€”15,000 15,000
Tell Chuera
Anshan 10,000
Susa 10,000โ€”15,000

Lands of the ancient Near East

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Lower Mesopotamia

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Sumer

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Hammar Marshes
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Lower Euphrates Uruk Muthanna
Zabala Dhi Qar
Umma
Girsu
Lagash
Larsa
Bad-tibira
Kesh
Ur
Kuara
Eridu
Gu-Edin
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Qurna Marshes
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Lower Tigris Dilbat Al-Qฤdisiyyah
Mashkan-shapir
Nippur
Marad
Isin
Kisurra
Shuruppak
Hawizeh Marshes
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Lower Tigris Pashime Maysan
Akshak? Wasit
Der
Larak?
Adab

Central Mesopotamia

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Akkad

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Greater Syria

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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Middle Euphrates Mari Deir ez-Zor
Baghdad Belts
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Middle Tigris Assur Saladin
Middle Euphrates Kutha Babil
Borsippa
Sippar
Sippar-Amnanum
Kish Baghdad
สฟAdhaim Gasur Kirkuk
Diyala Akkad? Diyala
Eshnunna
Tutub

Central lands

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Land (Proposed) Locations People(s) Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken
๐’„˜๐’ƒผ
idigna
Idigna
(Tigris river)
lit.โ€‰'running water'
Sumer
๐’† ๐’‚—๐’„„
kien.giโ‚„
Kengir
(Southern, Central, and Eastern Iraq)
Kengir
(Sumer)
๐’† ๐’‚—๐’„„
kien.giโ‚„

Al-Qฤdisiyyah Governorate
Sumerians
๐’Š•๐’ˆช๐’‚ต
saล‹.gigโ‚‚.ga
Sumerian
๐’…ด๐’„€
eme.gi
Gu-Edin
๐’„˜๐’‚”๐’ˆพ
guโ‚‚.edin.na
+
Kalam
(Sumer)
๐’Œฆ
kalam

Dhi Qar Governorate
Mountain of Eanna
(Uruk and Eanna)
๐’†ณ ๐’‚๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ
kur eโ‚‚.an.na.bi
Muthanna Governorate
Akkad
๐’€€๐’‚ต๐’‰ˆ๐’† 
(Sumerian)
a.ga.deโ‚ƒki
Agadeki
โ€”
๐’Œต๐’† 
uriki
(Akkadian)
+
Kish
๐’†ง๐’† 
kiลกki
Uriki
Eastern Iraq
Akkad
Agadeki
๐’€€๐’‚ต๐’‰ˆ๐’† 
(Sumerian)
a.ga.deโ‚ƒki
or
Uriki
๐’Œต๐’† 
uriki

Diyala Governorate
Akkadians Akkadian
Pashime
๐’€๐’‹†๐’‚Š๐’† 
ba.ลกim.eki

Maysan Governorate
Central Iraq
Kish
๐’†ง๐’† 
kiลกki
+
Kengir
(Sumer)
๐’† ๐’‚—๐’„„
kien.giโ‚„

Babil Governorate
Kishites Kishite
Assyria
๐’€ธ๐’‹ฉ๐’† 
aลก.ลกurki

Saladin Governorate
Assyrians Assyrian
Euphrates river
๐’Œ“๐’„’๐’‰ฃ
buranun
Western Iraq
Martu
๐’ˆฅ๐’Œ…
mar.tu

Al Anbar Governorate
Amorites
๐’ˆฅ๐’Œ…
mar.tu
Amorite
Northern Iraq
Shubur
๐’‹š
ลกubur

Nineveh Governorate
Subarians
๐’‹š
subur
Hamazi
๐’„ฉ๐’ˆ ๐’ฃ๐’† 
แธซa.ma.ziki

Kirkuk Governorate
Simurrum
๐’‹›๐’ˆฌ๐’Š’๐’Œ๐’† 
si.mu.ru.umki

Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Lulubum
๐’‡ป๐’‡ป๐’๐’Œ๐’† 
lu.lu.bu.umki

Halabja Governorate
Gutium
๐’„–๐’‹พ๐’Œ๐’† 
gu.ti.umki

Erbil Governorate
Gutians
๐’„–๐’‹พ๐’Œ๐’† 
gu.ti.umki
Gutian
๐’…ด๐’„–๐’‹พ๐’Œ
eme gu.ti.um

Tigris-Euphrates drainage basin

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Zagros Mountains forest steppe
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Karun Shimashki Isfahan
Awan? Lorestan
Elam? Ilam
Mesopotamian Marshes
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Southern Iran
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Karkheh Susiana Khuzestan
Marun
Karun Anshan Fars

Upper Mesopotamia

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Eastern Turkey
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Eastern Anatolia
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Upper Euphrates Aratta? IฤŸdฤฑr
AฤŸrฤฑ
Northwestern Iran
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Azerbaijan
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Great Zab Aratta? West Azerbaijan
Eastern Syria
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Khabur Urkesh Al-Hasakah
Shekhna
Asnakkum
Kahat
Tell Arbid
Nagar
Tell Hamoukar
Sikkan
Nabada
Northern Iraq
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Assyria
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Upper Tigris Nineveh Nineveh
Kurdistan
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Little Zab Simurrum? Sulaymaniyah
Western Iran
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Sub-basin Archaeological site Administrative division
Diyala Lulubum? Kermanshah
Hamazi?
Awan?

Northernmost regions described in the earliest writings

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Lands and their (proposed) locations Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact
Mediterranean Region, Turkey
Iginimmashe Aสพabak
(Sumerian):
๐’…†๐’‰๐’ˆ ๐’Šบ ๐’€€๐’€Š๐’€
igi.nim.ma.ลกea.ab.ba
lit.โ€‰'Upper Sea'

Mediterranean Sea
Amanus Mountains
(Sumerian):
๐’‚ผ๐’€€๐’ˆ ๐’„ฏ๐’Š•
ama.a.numโ‚‚แธซur.saล‹

Hatay Province
Mashu and the Cedar Forest
(Sumerian):
๐’†ณ๐’„‘๐’‚ž๐’‹ป
kur.ล‹eลกerin.kud
lit.โ€‰'Mountains of Cedar-felling'
Eastern Anatolia Region
  • Enmerkar (r.โ€‰c. 2775 โ€“ c. 2730 BCE)
  • Lugalbanda (r.โ€‰c. 2730 โ€“ c. 2700 BCE)
Hurum Mountain
(Sumerian):
๐’„ฏ๐’Š’๐’Œ ๐’†ณ๐’†ช๐’Š
แธซur.ru.umkur.ku.ra
lit.โ€‰'Mountain Cave'

Mount Ararat, IฤŸdฤฑr Province
Aratta
๐’‡ถ๐’† 
arattaki

AฤŸrฤฑ Province

Westernmost regions described in the earliest writings

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Land (Proposed) Locations People Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken
Mari
๐’ˆ ๐’Œท๐’† 
ma.riโ‚‚ki

Deir ez-Zor Governorate
Mariotes Mariotic
Sutium
๐’‹ข๐’‹พ๐’Œ
su.ti.um

Raqqa Governorate
Suteans
๐’‹ข๐’‹พ๐’Œ
su.ti.um
Sutean
๐’‹ข๐’‹พ๐’Œ
su.ti.um
Suhum
Homs Governorate
Apum
Al-Hasakah Governorate
Akkadian dialect
Armani
Aleppo Governorate
Amorites
๐’ˆฅ๐’Œ…
mar.tu
Amorite
Amurru
Tartus Governorate
Ebla
๐’…๐’†ท๐’† 
eb.laki

Idlib Governorate
Eblaites Eblaite

Easternmost regions described in the earliest writings

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Land (Proposed) Locations People Most commonly spoken and/or written language
Elam
(Sumerian):
๐’‰๐’† 
elamki
(Southern, Western, and Central Iran)
Southern Iran Elamites
๐’‰๐’ˆ ๐’† 
elam.maki
Elamite
๐’…ด ๐’‰๐’ˆ ๐’† 
eme elam.maki
(Language isolate)
+
Elamite cuneiform
Susiana
๐’ˆน๐’‚ž๐’† 
ลกuลกinki

Khuzestan Province
Anshan
๐’€ญ๐’บ๐’€ญ๐’† 
an.ลกaโ‚„.anki

Fars Province
Central Iran
Shimashki
๐’‡ป๐’‹ข๐’† 
ลกimaลกkiki

Isfahan Province
Western Iran
Elam
๐’‰๐’† 
elamki

Ilam Province
Awan
๐’€€๐’‰ฟ๐’€ญ๐’† 
a.wa.anki

Lorestan Province
Lulubum
๐’‡ป๐’‡ป๐’๐’Œ๐’† 
lu.lu.bu.umki

Kurdistan Province
Lullubi
๐’‡ป๐’‡ป๐’‰๐’† 
lu.lu.biki
Lullubi
(Unclassified language)
+
Akkadian cuneiform
Simurrum
๐’‹›๐’ˆฌ๐’Š’๐’Œ๐’† 
si.mu.ru.umki

Kermanshah Province
Hamazi
๐’„ฉ๐’ˆ ๐’ฃ๐’† 
แธซa.ma.ziki

Hamadan Province
Gutium
๐’„–๐’‹พ๐’Œ๐’† 
gu.ti.umki

West Azerbaijan Province
Gutians
๐’„–๐’‹พ๐’Œ๐’† 
gu.ti.umki
Gutian
(Unclassified language)
๐’…ด๐’„–๐’‹พ๐’Œ
eme gu.ti.um
Hurti
๐’„ท๐’„ฏ๐’‹พ๐’† 
แธซu.urโ‚….tiki
Northwestern Iran
Aratta
๐’‡ถ๐’† 
arattaki

East Azerbaijan Province
Eastern Iran
Marhasi
๐’ˆฅ๐’„ฉ๐’…†๐’† 
mar.แธซa.ลกiki

Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Western Pakistan
Meluhha
๐’ˆจ๐’ˆ›๐’„ฉ๐’† 
me.luแธซ.แธซaki

Balochistan, Pakistan
Harappan Harappan
(Unclassified language)
+
Indus script

Southernmost regions described in the earliest writings

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Land (Proposed) Locations People(s) Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken
Sigtata Aสพabak
(Sumerian):
๐’‹๐’‹ซ๐’‹ซ ๐’€€๐’€Š๐’€
sig.ta.taa.ab.ba
lit.โ€‰'Lower Sea'

Persian Gulf
Dilmun
๐’‰Œ๐’Œ‡
dilmunki

Eastern Province
Magan
๐’ˆฃ๐’ƒถ๐’† 
maโ‚‚.ganki

Ad Dhahirah Governorate

See also

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Notes

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119โ€“145), 165 pages, Glossary, itti, p. 128
  2. ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign no. 461, p. 163, ki.
  3. ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)

Bibliography

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Category:Cuneiform Category:Cuneiform signs, Amarna letters